In particular, the establishment of the lockless Suez Canal then strongly promoted maritime trade between Asia and Europe in this area. customise content and advertisements. Last year, nearly 25 million people read insidethegames.biz, making us by far the biggest source of independent news on what is happening in world sport. [14][15] It derives from the German term Seidenstrae (literally "Silk Road") and was first popularized in 1877 by Ferdinand von Richthofen, who made seven expeditions to China from 1868 to 1872. They made those who had heads bow their heads, and who had knees genuflect them. In June 2020, MPP won a landslide victory in the election. Buried Treasures of Turkestan. [91], It has begun seeking positive relations with a wider range of other nations especially in cultural and economic matters, focusing on encouraging foreign investments and trade. [140][141], A few Animistic traditions survive, as do influences from Buddhism such as the tying of prayer flags onto sacred trees, though some view this practice rooted within Sufi Islam. [86] The Agency of National Security works with the military and serves similar purposes to its Soviet predecessor, the KGB. Korean has gained popularity as tens of thousands of Mongolians work in South Korea.[68]. Due to this, many ethnic Kyrgyz go to Russian language medium schools. In 1924, after the Bogd Khaan died of laryngeal cancer[32] or, as some sources claim, at the hands of Russian spies,[33] the country's political system was changed. [47], The Roman historian Florus also describes the visit of numerous envoys, which included Seres (China), to the first Roman Emperor Augustus, who reigned between 27 BCE and 14 CE: The sedentary Uzbeks and Tajiks traditionally have farmed lower-lying irrigated land in the Fergana valley. [6] Jh. The increasing importance of the Mediterranean as a trading center with its direct, fast connections to Central and Eastern Europe is evident from the international investments in port cities of Piraeus and Trieste. In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history. [55], P.O. It is doubtless that this delta was a major international trading center, almost certainly from much earlier than the Common Era. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1911&oldid=1124811195, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, The first official air mail flight, second overall, takes place in British India from, A serious earthquake causes a landslide that creates. From this revelation, monks were sent by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian (ruled 527565) as spies on the Silk Road from Constantinople to China and back to steal the silkworm eggs, resulting in silk production in the Mediterranean, particularly in Thrace in northern Greece,[73] and giving the Byzantine Empire a monopoly on silk production in medieval Europe. Hunting snow leopards has been prohibited in Afghanistan since 1986. He had been preceded by numerous Christian missionaries to the East, such as William of Rubruck, Benedykt Polak, Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, and Andrew of Longjumeau. [88] Kyrgyzstan was also ranked "not free" in the 2021 Freedom in the World report with a score of 28/100. A statue of a snow leopard on entrance to national park in Almaty, Kazakhstan. It also outlawed "aggressive action aimed at proselytism", and banned religious activity in schools and all activity by unregistered organizations. [125] Mongolia also has a 233km-long cargo rail link from the Tavan Tolgoi coal mine to Chinese border.[126]. In 1876, Kyrgyzstan became part of the Russian Empire, and in 1936, the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic was formed to become a constituent republic of the Soviet Union. [166] Mongolia won the bronze medal of the B division at the 2017 Bandy World Championship after which the then President of Mongolia, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, held a reception for the team. Males moved between 0.5 and 5.45km (0.31 and 3.39mi) per day, and females between 0.2 and 2.25km (0.12 and 1.40mi), measured in straight lines between survey points. The CKU Railway would comprise 213km (132mi) in China, 260km (162mi) in Kyrgyzstan and 50km (31mi) in Uzbekistan.[165]. In the past it was known by the Russian term yurt, but this has been changing as the Mongolian term becomes better known in English-speaking countries. Horses are still a much-used transport option, especially in more rural areas; Kyrgyzstan's road infrastructure is not extensive, so horses are able to reach locations that motor vehicles cannot, and they do not require expensive, imported fuel. The president must also suspend their party membership. Mongolia's population growth rate is estimated at 1.2% (2007 est.). Today, however, Kyrgyzstan is a secular state, although Islam has exerted a growing influence in politics. Retrieved March 14, 2021, from librarymap.ifla.org, "Kyrgyzstan | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "List of banned European Union air carriers", "Kyrgyz president launches construction of railway to Kara-Keche", "Work to start next year on China - Kyrgyzstan - Uzbekistan Railway", Bibliography of the history of Central Asia, Politics of Language in the Ex-Soviet Muslim States: Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan, Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS, International Organization of Turkic Culture, Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyzstan&oldid=1126808594, Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Russian-speaking countries and territories, States and territories established in 1991, Members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture, Member states of the Organization of Turkic States, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010, Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2010, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 78 November Days of History and Commemoration of Ancestors. The 6th International Sports Festival Pearl of Kyrgyzstan were held in Issyk-Kul region from June 15 to July 3 of 2022. Dybo noted that "according to historians, the main driving force of the Great Silk Road were not just Sogdians, but the carriers of a mixed Sogdian-Trkic culture that often came from mixed families."[99]. As of August 2019, Bivol is ranked as the world's best active light-heavyweight by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board and BoxRec, and third by The Ring Magazine. Horse riding is especially central to Mongolian culture. The Silk Road (Chinese: )[1] was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century. He said that a deeper investigation covering a period of years, as requested by Al Mana, was not currently possible because so many documents had been taken by Hungarian police, who are carrying out a criminal investigation into the IWF's past activities. The 40-rayed yellow sun in the center of the national flag represent the 40 tribes that once made up the entirety of Kyrgyz culture before the intervention of Russia during the rise of the Soviet Union. [118][120][121][117][122][123][124][125][126][127], Today the maritime silk road runs with its connections from the Chinese coast to the south via Hanoi to Jakarta, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur through the Strait of Malacca via the Sri Lankan Colombo towards the southern tip of India via Mal, the capital of the Maldives, to the East African Mombasa, from there to Djibouti, then through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there via Haifa, Istanbul and Athens to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its international free port and its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea. In the 12th century, the Kyrgyz dominion had shrunk to the Altay Range and Sayan Mountains as a result of the Mongol expansion. [154] The Kyrgyzstan men's ice hockey team joined the IIHF in July 2011. In captivity they can live for up to 25 years. By then, the Kyrgyzstan Democratic Movement (KDM) had developed into a significant political force with support in Parliament. In the Himalayas, it preys mostly on Himalayan blue sheep, Siberian ibex (C. sibirica), white-bellied musk deer (Moschus leucogaster) and wild boar (Sus scrofa). The 40-ray sun on the flag of Kyrgyzstan is a reference to those same forty tribes and the graphical element in the sun's center depicts the wooden crown, called tunduk, of a yurta portable dwelling traditionally used by nomads in the steppes of Central Asia. [164] The Mongolian Olympic boxing national team was founded in 1960. The expansion of the Parthian Empire, which stretched from eastern Anatolia to Afghanistan, provided a bridge to East Africa and the Mediterranean, particularly the nascent Roman Empire. [100] However, following the disastrous An Lushan Rebellion (755763) and the conquest of the Western Regions by the Tibetan Empire, the Tang Empire was unable to reassert its control over Central Asia. Seoul (/ s o l /; Korean: (); lit. [168] With the rise of Mahayana Buddhism, the initial direction of Buddhist development changed. [39], Snow leopards leave scent marks to indicate their territories and common travel routes. It covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometres (603,909 square miles), with a population of just 3.3 million, making it the world's most sparsely populated sovereign nation. [151] The trellis walls, roof poles and layers of felt were replaced by stone, brick, beams and planks, and became permanent.[152]. "[35], Classical Greek philosophy syncretised with Indian philosophy. Diseases such as plague also spread along the Silk Road, possibly contributing to the Black Death.[11]. Freestyle wrestling has been practised since 1958 in Mongolia. The snow leopard (Panthera uncia), also known as the ounce, is a felid in the genus Panthera native to the mountain ranges of Central and South Asia.It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List because the global population is estimated to number fewer than 10,000 mature individuals and is expected to decline about 10% by 2040. Numerous hotels, resorts and boarding houses are located along its northern shore. [citation needed] The Greek historian Strabo writes, "they extended their empire even as far as the Seres (China) and the Phryni. [3], Mongolia's foreign relations traditionally focus on its two large neighbors, Russia and the People's Republic of China. [60] About 59% of the total population is under age 30, 27% of whom are under 14. "Hong Kong proposes Silk Road on the Sea as World Heritage", 7 August 2005, p. A2. Diego Pautasso "The role of Africa in the New Maritime Silk Road" In: Brazilian Journal of African Studies, v.1, n.2, Jul./Dec. In January 2015, Mnkhbatyn Davaajargal took his 33rd top division championship, giving him the most in the history of sumo. "[144] In exchange, the caravans sent back bolts of silk brocade, lacquer-ware, and porcelain. [26] The territory, then known in Russian as "Kirghizia", was formally incorporated into the Empire in 1876. [163] Extensive contacts started in the 2nd century, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin, due to the missionary efforts of a great number of Buddhist monks to Chinese lands. Peak Jengish Chokusu, at 7,439m (24,406ft), is the highest point and is considered by geologists to be the northernmost peak over 7,000m (22,966ft) in the world. Azerbaijan (UK: / z r b a d n,- d n / (), US: / z r b a d n, z-/; Azerbaijani: Azrbaycan [zbjdn]), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Jakob Engel and Annalisa Prizzon, with Gerelmaa Amgaabazar, July 2014, From decline to recovery: Post-primary education in [51] A vast front of cold, heavy, shallow air comes in from Siberia in winter and collects in river valleys and low basins causing very cold temperatures while slopes of mountains are much warmer due to the effects of temperature inversion (temperature increases with altitude). Most of the country is hot in the summer and extremely cold in the winter, with January averages dropping as low as 30C (22F). Under his successors it stretched from present-day Poland in the west to Korea in the east, and from parts of Siberia in the north to the Gulf of Oman and Vietnam in the south, covering some 33,000,000 square kilometres (13,000,000sqmi),[24] (22% of Earth's total land area) and had a population of over 100 million people (about a quarter of Earth's total population at the time). [131] The great majority of Muslims are Sunni, adhering to the Hanafi school of thought,[132] although a 2012 Pew survey report showed that only 23% of respondents to a questionnaire chose to identify themselves as Sunni, with 64% volunteering that they were "just a Muslim". [105], Because of a boom in the mining sector, Mongolia had high growth rates in 2007 and 2008 (9.9% and 8.9%, respectively). [19] The alternative translation "Silk Route" is also used occasionally. Initially, these were a result of the breakup of the Soviet trade bloc and resulting loss of markets, which impeded the republic's transition to a demand economy. The country's provisional leaders announced that Bakiyev signed a formal letter of resignation prior to his departure.[44]. Mongolia's constitution provides three requirements for taking office as president; the candidate must be a native-born Mongolian, be at least 45 years old, and have resided in Mongolia for five years before taking office. French basketball player Thomas Heurtel has responded to criticism over his decision to join Russian outfit Zenit Saint Petersburg - a move which is set to cost him a place at the Paris 2024 Olympics. By the early first century CE, Chinese silk was widely sought-after in Rome, Egypt, and Greece. The Mongolic Rouran Khaganate (330555), of Xianbei provenance was the first to use "Khagan" as an imperial title. There are indications that he may have led expeditions as far as Kashgar on the western edge of the Taklamakan Desert, leading to the first known contacts between China and the West around 200 BCE. The first rock band of Mongolia was Soyol Erdene, founded in the 1960s. (2007). [33], The female gives birth in a rocky den or crevice lined with fur shed from her underside. [140] Though this section does not complete the Silk Roadstyle overland connection between China and Europe,[139] but new railway line connecting China to Europe via Istanbul's has now been established. Ptolemy's map of the Ganges Delta, a remarkably accurate effort, showed that his informants knew all about the course of the Brahmaputra River, crossing through the Himalayas then bending westward to its source in Tibet. The Mongolian Red Cross Society focuses on preventive work. [101] As of 2006[update], 68.4% of Mongolia's exports went to the PRC, and the PRC supplied 29.8% of Mongolia's imports. Ethnic Uzbeks threatened to blow up an oil depot in Osh if they failed to get guarantees of protection. Its muzzle is short and its forehead domed. [28] The Bolsheviks made an effort to establish a standardized tax system, with higher taxes for nomads to discourage the wandering livelihood and they divided the Central Asia region into five nation-states. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its westernmost point is only 36.76 kilometres (22.84mi) from Kazakhstan. ", The Moscow Zoo exhibited the first captive snow leopard in 1872 that had been caught in Turkestan. [142] There is also a small number of Bukharian Jews living in Kyrgyzstan, but during the collapse of the Soviet Union most fled to other countries, mainly the United States and Israel. As a result, Poland, the Baltic States, Northern Europe and Central Europe are also connected to the maritime silk road. [102] In 848 the Tang Chinese, led by the commander Zhang Yichao, were only able to reclaim the Hexi Corridor and Dunhuang in Gansu from the Tibetans. "[97], The Sogdians dominated the eastwest trade after the 4th century up to the 8th century, with Suyab and Talas ranking among their main centres in the north. Among its mineral reserves are substantial deposits of coal, gold, uranium, antimony, and other valuable metals. The Prospects and Challenges of China's OBOR Initiative", "China plans new Silk Route across Ukraine", "India should be part of the new Silk Route", "China's new silk route: The long and winding road", "First 'Silk Road' train arrives in Tehran from China", "First train from China to Europe makes 'Silk Railway' dream come true in Turkey", "History and Legend of Sino-Bangla Contacts", "Seminar on Southwest Silk Road held in City", "Urban and nomadic isotopic niches reveal dietary connectivities along Central Asia's Silk Roads", "Nomadic ecology shaped the highland geography of Asia's Silk Roads", Caucasian figures seen in the same cave temple, A Mathematic Expression of Art: Sino-Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin, "China's Southwestern Silk Road in World History", "The Silk Road and Beyond: Travel, Trade, and Transformation", "Announcement about the Silk Road Week, 19-25 June 2020-China Silk Museum", "What you need to know about The Silk Road in the town of Macclesfield and near the village of Prestbury", National Institute of Informatics / Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books - Digital Silk Road Project, Bibliography of the history of Central Asia, Silk Road: Monks, Warriors and Merchants on the Silk Road, The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia, "Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age", National Institute of Informatics Digital Silk Road Project Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books, Digital Silk Road > Toyo Bunko Archive > List of Books, Silk Road Atlas (University of Washington), Year of the Sheep, Century of the Dragon? [58], Helen Wang points out that although these coins were found in China, they were deposited there in the twentieth century, not in ancient times, and therefore do not shed light on historic contacts between China and Rome. "We need to do that ourselves so that we will start the next Olympic cycle with a completely new weightlifting. Seneca the Younger (c. 3 BCE 65 CE), Declamations Vol. They played in the Bandy World Championship 2012, their first appearance in that tournament.[155]. Political stability appeared to be elusive, however, as various groups and factions allegedly linked to organized crime jockeyed for power. These different schools and movements of Buddhism were a result of the diverse and complex influences and beliefs on the Silk Road. [82] On 27 January 2021, Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdene of MPP became new prime minister. Thank you. [100], One of the most popular tourist destination points in Kyrgyzstan is the lake Issyk-Kul. [52] Nine snow leopard skins were found during a market survey in September 2014 in Afghanistan. [14] First attested as the 'Mungu',[15] (Chinese: , Modern Chinese Mngw, Middle Chinese Muwngu[16]), a branch of the Shiwei in an 8th-century Tang dynasty list of northern tribes, presumably related to the Liao-era Mungku[15] (Chinese: , Modern Chinese Mngg, Middle Chinese MuwngkuX[17]). With control of these trade routes, citizens of the Roman Empire received new luxuries and greater prosperity for the Empire as a whole. [100] Another share of the population lives in the sum centers. Zud, a natural disaster unique to Mongolia, results in large proportions of the country's livestock dying from starvation or freezing temperatures or both, resulting in economic upheaval for the largely pastoral population. Two of the 16 commercial banks were taken into receivership. [52][53][54] Other Roman glasswares have been found in Eastern-Han-era tombs (25220 CE) more further inland in Nanjing and Luoyang. [41][42], President Bakiyev returned to his home in Jalal-Abad and stated his terms of resignation at a press conference on 13 April 2010. to the Second Half of the First Millennium C.E.," in Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner (eds). The origin of the Mongolian word "Mongol" () is of uncertain etymology, given variously such as the name of a mountain or river; a corruption of the Mongolian Mongkhe-tengri-gal ("Eternal Sky Fire");[13] or a derivation from Mugul, the 4th-century founder of the Rouran Khaganate. According to Erdenes MGL, the government body in-charge of Tavan Tolgoi, ArcelorMittal, Vale, Xstrata, U.S. coal miner Peabody, a consortium of Chinese energy firm Shenhua and Japan's Mitsui & Co, and a separate consortium of Japanese, South Korean and Russian firms are the preferred bidders. Under Soviet rule and before 1992, it had the flag of the Soviet Union with two big blue stripes and a white thin stripe in the middle. Sogdiana). Buddhism is the majority religion (51.7%), with the nonreligious being the second-largest group (40.6%). ", "Treasures of Ancient Altai Nomads Revealed", "Additional Berel Burial Sites Excavated", "East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. The northern route travelled northwest through the Chinese province of Gansu from Shaanxi Province and split into three further routes, two of them following the mountain ranges to the north and south of the Taklamakan Desert to rejoin at Kashgar, and the other going north of the Tian Shan mountains through Turpan, Talgar, and Almaty (in what is now southeast Kazakhstan). Remittances of around 800,000 Kyrgyz migrants working in Russia contribute to the economy however in recent years, remittances have decreased.[96][97]. The subsequent protests led to a bloodless coup on 24 March 2005, after which Akayev fled the country with his family and was replaced by acting president Kurmanbek Bakiyev. [83][81] Andronikos II had two half-sisters who were married to great-grandsons of Genghis Khan, which made him an in-law with the Yuan-dynasty Mongol ruler in Beijing, Kublai Khan. By the beginning of the 20th century, about 750 monasteries were functioning in Mongolia. [162] Mongolian freestyle wrestlers have won the first and the most Olympic medals of Mongolia. In the coldest areas temperatures are sub-zero for around 40 days in winter, and even some desert areas experience constant snowfall in this period. French basketball player Thomas Heurtel has responded to criticism over his decision to join Russian outfit Zenit Saint Petersburg - a move which is set to cost him a place at the Paris 2024 Olympics. [38], A study in the Gobi Desert lasting from 2008 to 2014 revealed that adult male snow leopards used a mean home range of 144270km2 (56104sqmi), while adult females ranged in areas of 83165km2 (3264sqmi). [108] Of those, 34.4% are under the age of 15 and 6.2% are over 65. There are 77 public schools in Bishkek (capital city) and more than 200 in the rest of the country. [79][80] In a meeting of the Security Council, President Jeenbekov accused Atambayev of violating the constitution. Linda Vierecke, Elisabetta Galla "Triest und die neue Seidenstrae" In: Deutsche Welle, 8 December 2020. The traditional national sports reflect the importance of horse riding in Kyrgyz culture. Monuments of the pre-Xiongnu Bronze Age include deer stones, keregsur kurgans, square slab tombs, and rock paintings. Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. [158], There are also various Russian-language medium schools in Bishkek, Osh and other areas. [31] Under Stalin a great focus was put on Kyrgyz national identity, the Soviet state was fighting tribalism as its social organization based on patrilineal kinship contradicted the concept of the modern nation state. The earliest Roman glassware bowl found in China was unearthed from a Western Han tomb in Guangzhou, dated to the early 1st century BCE, indicating that Roman commercial items were being imported through the South China Sea. [106], Mongolia was never listed among the emerging market countries until February 2011 when Citigroup analysts determined Mongolia to be one of the "global growth generating" countries, which are countries with the most promising growth prospects for 20102050. The westernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same longitude as Kolkata in India, while the easternmost part is on the same longitude as Qinhuangdao and Hangzhou in China, as well as the western edge of Taiwan. An example of the ger-style architecture is the lamasery Dashi-Choiling in Ulaanbaatar. Wireless technologies have had greater success in rural areas. Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2007, p. 268, five expeditions led by the Yongle Emperor, Japanese invasion of neighboring Manchuria, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, killed at least 30,000 people, of whom 18,000 were lamas, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (2010), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, "Official Documents to be in Mongolian Script", " , 2020 ", "Mongolia: A Vain Constitutional Attempt to Consolidate Parliamentary Democracy", "World Economic Outlook Database, January 2019", "GINI index (World Bank estimate) Mongolia", "Mongolia Standard Time is GMT (UTC) +8, some areas of Mongolia use GMT (UTC) +7", Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin, "BaxterSagart Old Chinese Reconstruction", "Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians", "Archeological Sensation-Ancient Mummy Found in Mongolia", "1945 - ", "Changing Pattern in the Use of Veto in the Security Council", "Tsedenbal's Mongolia and the Communist Aid Donors: A Reappraisal | Wilson Center", "Ireland now has the 'second-smallest' forest area in Europe", "Mongolia Climate Retrieve the average temperatures and rains in Mongolia & in Ulaan baatar", "Country Nicknames: Top 40 best nation aliases", "Nomadic trails in the land of the blue sky", "Climate History for Tsetserleg, Mongolia", "Annual average temperature and precipitation of Mongolia", "Climate Change Impacts on Health and Livelihoods: Mongolia Assessment - Mongolia | ReliefWeb", "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity Supplementary Material", "U.S. Census Bureau International Data Base", "U.S. Department of State. [51] Between 2003 and 2016, 710 skins were traded, of which 288 skins were confiscated. If you can, please consider supporting us with a regular amount each month. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbekistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, with a coastline along the Caspian Sea.Its capital is Astana, known as Nur-Sultan from 2019 to 2022. [160] The National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic is the oldest library in the country, which was established in 1934. [41] While Tsedenbal was visiting Moscow in August 1984, his severe illness prompted the parliament to announce his retirement and replace him with Jambyn Batmnkh. [48], According to local sources, there was a clash between two local gangs and it did not take long for the violence to spread to the rest of the city. ", Support insidethegames.biz for as little as 10. Prime Minister Daniar Usenov accused Russia of supporting the protests; this accusation was denied by Russian Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin. Commonwealth Games Federation - Finance Manager - London, United Kingdom Big Read Archive. A state of emergency and curfew were introduced[36] and Askar Akayev, the youngest of five sons born into a family of collective farm workers (in northern Kyrgyzstan), was elected president in October of that same year. [101], The headquarters of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences is located in Bishkek, where several research institutes are located. The eastern part of Mongolia including the Onon and Kherlen rivers and Lake Buir form part of the Amur river basin draining to the Pacific Ocean. Further details may exist on the, Chinese and Central Asian contacts (2nd millennium BCE), Expansion of the Greek Empire (329 BCE10 CE), SogdianTrkic tribes (4th8th centuries), Decline and disintegration (15th century). By 1911 there were 700 large and small monasteries in Outer Mongolia; their 115,000 monks made up 21% of the population. Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz Republic)". The travelling party of Mas Titianus penetrated farthest east along the Silk Road from the Mediterranean world, probably with the aim of regularising contacts and reducing the role of middlemen, during one of the lulls in Rome's intermittent wars with Parthia, which repeatedly obstructed movement along the Silk Road. In relation to the length of its skull and width of its palate, it has large nasal openings, which allow for increasing the volume of air inhaled with each breath, and at the same time for warming and humidifying cold dry air. However, the Republic's press was permitted to adopt a more liberal stance and to establish a new publication, Literaturny Kirghizstan, by the Union of Writers. In winter the whole of Mongolia comes under the influence of the Siberian Anticyclone. [150], The traditional Mongolian dwelling is known as a ger. It was the first major international event that Kyrgyzstan's ice hockey team took part in. The KIC concluded that the "Provisional Government had the responsibility to ensure that the security forces were adequately trained and appropriately equipped to deal with situations of civil unrest" but were unable to take necessary measures. 2016 | p.118-130. Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade between China and Central Asia along the Silk Roads as late as the 10th century, their language serving as a lingua franca for Asian trade as far back as the 4th century. He also described morphological differences between snow leopard and leopard skins. From 2005 to 2006, about 40 troops were deployed with the Belgian and Luxembourg contingents in Kosovo. Its canine teeth are 28.6mm (1.13in) long and are more slender than those of the other Panthera species. Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Buddhism, Christianity, Manichaeism, and Islam all spread across Eurasia through trade networks that were tied to specific religious communities and their institutions. Common institutions were the office of the Khan, the Kurultai (Supreme Council), left and right wings, imperial army (Keshig) and the decimal military system. (Hou Hanshu, Later Han History). [83], In April 2021, the majority of voters approved in the constitutional referendum a new constitution that will give new powers to the president, significantly strengthening the power of the presidency. This led to a multi-party system, a new constitution of 1992, and transition to a market economy. [119] Most herders in Mongolia follow a pattern of nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralism. Commonwealth Games Federation - Finance Manager - London, United Kingdom. [51] According to Chinese dynastic histories, it is from this region that the Roman embassies arrived in China, beginning in 166 CE during the reigns of Marcus Aurelius and Emperor Huan of Han. Since the 20082009 school year, new first-graders are using the 12-year system, with a full transition to the 12-year system in the 20192020 school year.[129]. After independence, Kyrgyzstan was officially a unitary presidential republic; after the Tulip Revolution it became a unitary parliamentary republic, although it gradually developed an executive president and was governed as a semi-presidential republic before reverting to a presidential system in 2021. The judiciary of Mongolia is made of a three-tiered court system: first instance courts in each provincial district and each Ulaanbaatar district; appellate courts for each province and also the Capital Ulaanbaatar; and the court of last resort (for non-constitutional matters) at the Supreme Court of Mongolia. In 781, an inscribed stele shows Nestorian Christian missionaries arriving on the Silk Road. 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendarand a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1911th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 911th year of the 2ndmillennium, the 11th year of the 20thcentury, and the 2nd year of the 1910s decade. The nation's largest ethnic group are the Kyrgyz, a Turkic people, who comprise 74.1% of the population. The Snow Leopard Species Survival Plan was initiated in 1984; by 1986, American zoos held 234 individuals. After the expulsion of the Yuan rulers from China proper, the Mongols continued to rule their homeland, known in historiography as the Northern Yuan dynasty. One of the Soviet conditions for its participation, put forward at Yalta, was that after the war Outer Mongolia would retain its independence. [99], The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have a significant negative impact on the Kyrgyz economy that is reliant on services, remittances and natural resources. Mongolian sumo wrestler Dolgorsrengiin Dagvadorj won 25 top division tournament championships, placing him fourth on the all-time list. What Now? A notable ongoing event was the race for the South Pole. The Silk Road reached its peak in the west during the time of the Byzantine Empire; in the Nile-Oxus section, from the Sassanid Empire period to the Il Khanate period; and in the sinitic zone from the Three Kingdoms period to the Yuan dynasty period. The small bits of rail lines within Kyrgyzstan, about 370km (230mi) (1,520mm (59.8in) broad gauge) in total, have little economic value in the absence of the former bulk traffic over long distances to and from such centres as Tashkent, Almaty, and the cities of Russia. One example was the encounter with the Chinese and Xiongnu nomads. Horse-riding nomadism has been documented by archeological evidence in Mongolia during the Copper and Bronze Age Afanasevo culture (35002500 BC);[20] this Indo-European culture was active to the Khangai Mountains in Central Mongolia. [101] In 2009, sharp drops in commodity prices and the effects of the global financial crisis caused the local currency to drop 40% against the U.S. dollar. [172], According to Richard Foltz "there is more evidence for Iranian influence on the formation of Jewish [religious] ideas than the reverse." One important change already made concerns finance, and putting checks on how the IWF's money is spent after revelations in the McLaren Report in 2020 that more than $10million (9 million/10.3 million) had gone missing when the IWFs former leader Tams Ajn was in control. It is located on the road from Osh (Kyrgyzstan) to Khodjaabad (Uzbekistan) about 4 kilometres (2 miles) north-west from the KyrgyzUzbek border in the direction of Andijan. [67] Barak is administratively part of Kara-Suu District in Kyrgyzstan's Osh Region. [108][109] In 2011, it had 336 companies listed with a total market capitalization of US$2billion after quadrupling from US$406million in 2008. The greater the number of people that can keep up to date with global events, and understand their impact, the more sport will be forced to be transparent. The fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 strongly influenced Mongolian politics and youth. Three of the 75 members of Parliament elected in March 2005 were assassinated, and another member was assassinated on 10 May 2006 shortly after winning his murdered brother's seat in a by-election. The first of these empires, the Xiongnu of undetermined ethnicity, were brought together by Modu Shanyu to form a confederation in 209 BC. With almost half the population clustered in the capital of Ulaanbaatar, most landline technologies are deployed there. The 1990s saw the development of rap, techno, hip-hop and also boy bands and girl bands flourished at the turn of the millennium. Other facilities built during the Soviet era are either closed down, used only occasionally or restricted to military use (e.g., This page was last edited on 11 December 2022, at 09:51. [51], Temir Sariyev, deputy chief of the interim government, said there were local clashes and that it was not possible [for the government] to fully control the situation. Current Facts Fuji apples, botanically classified as Malus domestica, are a late-ripening variety that belongs to the Rosaceae family. Moskva, IPA: ()) is the capital and largest city of Russia.The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million residents within the city limits, over 17 million residents in the urban area, and over 20 million residents in the metropolitan area. Animals, history, traveling and more. Supporting Chief Operations Officer and management team by completing all finance and accounting routines. It would be immoral to develop a market-based society without an ethical dimension. The temple Lavrin (18th century) in the Erdene Zuu lamasery was built in the Tibetan tradition. A History, Leiden, Brill, 2005, Hardback, Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of, This page was last edited on 1 December 2022, at 17:24. [34], The Greeks remained in Central Asia for the next three centuries, first through the administration of the Seleucid Empire, and then with the establishment of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (250125 BCE) in Bactria (modern Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Pakistan) and the later Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BCE 10 CE) in modern Northern Pakistan and Afghanistan. In 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was founded as a socialist state. They defeated the Dayuan in the Han-Dayuan war. Supporting Chief Operations Officer and management team by completing all finance and accounting routines. Their individual home ranges ranged in size from 12 to 39km2 (4.6 to 15.1sqmi). Mongolian Sign Language is the principal language of the deaf community. [1] As of 2006[update], English is taught in all secondary schools across Mongolia, beginning in fourth grade. In the city, steamed dumplings filled with meat"buuz" are popular. It has been protected in Bhutan since 1995. The Russian government decided to send a battalion to the country to protect Russian facilities. It hosts some unique species like the Eastern brook lamprey, Daurian crayfish (cambaroides dauricus) and Daurian pearl oyster (dahurinaia dahurica) in the Onon/Kherlen rivers as well as Siberian prawn (exopalaemon modestus) in Lake Buir. Reforms led to Kyrgyzstan's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 20 December 1998. Scythians accompanied the Assyrian Esarhaddon on his invasion of Egypt, and their distinctive triangular arrowheads have been found as far south as Aswan. Even after the construction of the Great Wall, nomads gathered at the gates of the wall to exchange. Aside from generating substantial wealth for emerging mercantile classes, the proliferation of goods such as paper and gunpowder greatly altered the trajectory of various realms, if not world history. Around 100 to 120 snow leopards occupy an area of about 50,000 square km in the country. [3][4][5] The name "Silk Road", first coined in the late 19th century, has fallen into disuse among some modern historians in favor of Silk Routes, on the grounds that it more accurately describes the intricate web of land and sea routes connecting East and Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, the Middle East, East Africa and Europe. [according to whom?]. [32], The next major step toward the development of the Silk Road was the expansion of the Macedonian empire of Alexander the Great into Central Asia. The protests became violent, spreading to Bishkek by the following day. Another very popular activity called Shagaa is the "flicking" of sheep ankle bones at a target several feet away, using a flicking motion of the finger to send the small bone flying at targets and trying to knock the target bones off the platform. The government has actively encouraged foreign involvement in extracting and processing gold from the Kumtor Gold Mine and other regions. Mongolia national basketball team enjoyed some success recently, especially at the East Asian Games. As the world begins to emerge from the COVID crisis, insidethegames.biz would like to invite you to help us on our journey by funding our independent journalism. These results indicate that about 40% of the 170 protected areas in snow leopard range countries are smaller than the home range of a single male snow leopard. This means that no airline that is registered in Kyrgyzstan may operate services of any kind within the European Union, due to safety standards that fail to meet European regulations.[163]. Since the adoption of the new Constitution of Mongolia on 13 February 1992, the official name of the state is "Mongolia" (Mongol Uls). Harper asserts that a 2nd or 3rd-century Roman gilt silver plate found in Jingyuan, Gansu, China with a central image of the Greco-Roman god Dionysus resting on a feline creature, most likely came via Greater Iran (i.e. [citation needed], The first census in the 20th century was carried out in 1918 and recorded a population of 647,500. "At the special Congress we will have various proposals and the members must be involved in this evolution.". The Khoit Tsenkher Cave[19] in Khovd Province shows lively pink, brown, and red ochre paintings (dated to 20,000 years ago) of mammoths, lynx, bactrian camels, and ostriches, earning it the nickname "the Lascaux of Mongolia". [104], During the early 13th century Khwarezmia was invaded by the Mongol Empire. Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed). After he met with the Dalai Lama in 1578, he ordered the introduction of Tibetan Buddhism to Mongolia. The Mongol rulers wanted to establish their capital on the Central Asian steppe, so to accomplish this goal, after every conquest they enlisted local people (traders, scholars, artisans) to help them construct and manage their empire. [109], In the 13th century, efforts were made at forming a Franco-Mongol alliance, with an exchange of ambassadors and (failed) attempts at military collaboration in the Holy Land during the later Crusades. [42] It prefers prey ranging in weight from 36 to 76kg (79 to 168lb), but also hunts smaller mammals such as Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana), pika and vole species. 200 Mongolian troops are serving in Sierra Leone on a UN mandate to protect the UN's special court set up there, and in July 2009, Mongolia decided to send a battalion to Chad in support of MINURCAT.[95]. The United Nations World Tourism Organization has been working since 1993 to develop sustainable international tourism along the route with the stated goal of fostering peace and understanding. [1] Between 1999 and 2002, three live snow leopard cubs and 16 skins were confiscated, 330 traps were destroyed and 110 poachers were arrested in Kyrgyzstan. [64] The Roman Empire connected with the Central Asian Silk Road through their ports in Barygaza (known today as Bharuch[65]) and Barbaricum (known today as the city of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan[66]) and continued along the western coast of India. Our small and dedicated team were extremely busy last year covering the re-arranged Olympic and Paralympic Games in Tokyo, an unprecedented logistical challenge that stretched our tight resources to the limit. [52], However, the History of Yuan claims that a Byzantine man became a leading astronomer and physician in Khanbaliq, at the court of Kublai Khan, Mongol founder of the Yuan dynasty (12711368) and was even granted the noble title 'Prince of Fu lin' (Chinese: ; F ln wng). [96], Under its strong integrating dynamics on the one hand and the impacts of change it transmitted on the other, tribal societies previously living in isolation along the Silk Road, and pastoralists who were of barbarian cultural development, were drawn to the riches and opportunities of the civilisations connected by the routes, taking on the trades of marauders or mercenaries. About 130 troops were deployed to Afghanistan. [150] It is debatable whether bride kidnapping is actually traditional. Kyrgyz Libraries are working towards expanding access to communities, evident in projects such as the signing of the Marrakesh VIP Treaty and the Open access Portal.[161][162]. [19] Tocharians (Yuezhi) and Scythians inhabited western Mongolia during the Bronze Age. "[136] There is a contemporary Sufi order present which adheres to a somewhat different form of Islam than the orthodox Islam. The Greek Seleucids were exiled to Iran and Central Asia because of a new Iranian dynasty called the Parthians at the beginning of the 2nd century BCE, and as a result, the Parthians became the new middlemen for trade in a period when the Romans were major customers for silk. Wink, Andr. [160] Buddha's community of followers, the Sangha, consisted of male and female monks and laity. In regards to telecommunication infrastructure, Kyrgyz Republic ranks last in Central Asia in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI)an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. Police and special services arrested many opposition leaders. An emergency meeting of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) was held on the same day (14 June) to discuss the role it could play in helping to end the violence. insidethegames.biz has established a global reputation for the excellence of its reporting and breadth of its coverage. While economic performance has improved considerably in the last few years, and particularly since 1998, difficulties remain in securing adequate fiscal revenues and providing an adequate social safety net. Other popular games on horseback include: The school system in Kyrgyzstan includes primary (grades 1 to 4, some schools have optional 0 grade), secondary (grades 5 to 9) and high (grades 10 to 11) divisions within one school. After the fall of Dzhungars, Kyrgyz and Kipchaks were an integral part of Kokand Khanate. [100] The disruptions of trade were curtailed in that part of the world by the end of the 10th century and conquests of Central Asia by the Turkic Islamic Kara-Khanid Khanate, yet Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, and Buddhism in Central Asia virtually disappeared. During this period Buddhism began to spread throughout Southeast, East, and Central Asia. Since 2017, he has held the World Boxing Association Light Heavyweight Title. Across the border in Uzbekistan it meets another major Kyrgyz river, the Naryn. For other uses, see, There are many pressing environmental issues in Mongolia that are detrimental to both human and environmental wellness. In 2020, it was ranked "partly free" with a score of 39/100. [63] The Roman-style glassware discovered in the archeological sites of Gyeongju, the capital of the Silla kingdom (Korea) showed that Roman artifacts were traded as far as the Korean peninsula. [10][11] After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, and achieved actual independence from the Republic of China in 1921. [101] Contemporary Tang authors noted how the dynasty had gone into decline after this point. He also clarified that several leopard (P. pardus) skins were previously misidentified as snow leopard skins. The cities of Bishkek and Osh have status "state importance" and do not belong to any region. [26] Three radio-collared snow leopards in Mongolia's Tost Mountains gave birth between late April and late June. The quadratic temple Tsogchin in lamasery Gandan in Ulaanbaatar is a combination of the Mongolian and Chinese tradition. Grades 1011 are optional, but it is necessary to complete them to graduate and receive a state-accredited school diploma. [33] However, inflation continued to erode GDP gains, with an average rate of 12.6% expected at the end of 2011. It targeted the clergy of the Mongolian Buddhist Church, which had been tightly intertwined with the previous feudal government structures (e.g. [68] It has been listed as threatened with extinction in Schedule I of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals since 1985. It was subordinated to the genus Panthera based on results of phylogenetic studies. Almaty 2017; Krasnoyarsk 2019; Lucerne 2021; Lake Placid 2023; More facts. It is the state animal of Ladakh and Himachal Pradesh in India. [111], The fragmentation of the Mongol Empire loosened the political, cultural, and economic unity of the Silk Road. As the least densely populated country in the world, with a significant portion of the population living a nomadic lifestyle, it has been difficult for many traditional information and communication technology (ICT) companies to make headway into Mongolian society. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS. Another branch road travelled from Herat through Susa to Charax Spasinu at the head of the Persian Gulf and across to Petra and on to Alexandria and other eastern Mediterranean ports from where ships carried the cargoes to Rome. [44], Snow leopards actively pursue prey down steep mountainsides, using the momentum of their initial leap to chase animals for up to 300m (980ft). Ulaanbaatar is strongly, but less severely, affected. Peter Jackson (2005), The Mongols and the West, 12211410, Pearson Education, p. 169, Kathleen Kuiper & editors of Encyclopdia Britannica (31 August 2006). At the end of the Soviet period there were about 50 airports and airstrips in Kyrgyzstan, many of them built primarily to serve military purposes in this border region so close to China. The aimags are: About 40% of the population lives in Ulaanbaatar (Ulan Bator), and in 2002 a further 23% lived in Darkhan, Erdenet, the aimag centers and sum-level permanent settlements. It also brought an end to the dominance of the Islamic Caliphate over world trade. Before the People's Republic, literacy rates were below one percent. [128], Many business and political affairs are carried out in Russian. [59] Roman golden medallions made during the reign of Antoninus Pius and quite possibly his successor Marcus Aurelius have been found at c Eo in southern Vietnam, which was then part of the Kingdom of Funan bordering the Chinese province of Jiaozhi in northern Vietnam. The remainder of 2022 is not going to be any less busy, or less challenging. Around the same time, the Venetian explorer Marco Polo became one of the first Europeans to travel the Silk Road to China. He also made reports on neighbouring countries that he did not visit, such as Anxi (Parthia), Tiaozhi (Mesopotamia), Shendu (Indian subcontinent) and the Wusun. The low-lying Fergana Valley in the southwest is subtropical and extremely hot in summer, with temperatures reaching 40C (104F) The northern foothills are temperate and the Tian Shan varies from dry continental to polar climate, depending on elevation. In Nepal's Shey Phoksundo National Park, the home ranges of five adult radio-collared snow leopards overlapped largely, though they rarely met. [22] He notes that traditional authors discussing eastwest trade such as Marco Polo and Edward Gibbon never labelled any route a "silk" one in particular. Approximately 30% of the population is nomadic or semi-nomadic; horse culture remains integral. Warfare erupted on the northern border. Under Emperor Gaozong, Tang general Su Dingfang conquered the Western Turkic Khaganate, an important ally of the Byzantine empire. Some of these attacks were repelled by the Mongols under Ayushridar and his general Kke Temr.[27]. A crowned snow leopard features in the arms of Shushensky District in Russia. [35] Attempts to appropriate Uzbek collective farms for housing development triggered the Osh Riots. [124] A reformed Perso-Arabic alphabet, created by the Kyrgyz intellectual and scientist Kasym Tynystanov is the official script of the Kyrgyz language in the People's Republic of China. On 6 April 2010, civil unrest broke out in the town of Talas after a demonstration against government corruption and increased living expenses. At the same time, the Chinese empire welcomed foreign cultures, making it very cosmopolitan in its urban centres. Heavy snowfall in winter leads to spring floods which often cause serious damage downstream. [citation needed] It then set off westwards, but with southward spurs so travelers could complete the journey by sea from various points. As the world begins to emerge from the COVID crisis, insidethegames.biz would like to invite you to help us on our journey by funding our independent journalism. (23 June 2009), Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) , Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, closed drainage systems which do not reach the sea, Armed Forces of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding, Kyrgyzstan men's national ice hockey team, list of prohibited countries for the certification of airlines, "Kyrgyzstan's Constitution of 2010 with Amendments through 2016", "Kyrgyzstan Brief Statistical Handbook", "2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kyrgyz Republic", "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022", "GINI index (World Bank estimate) - Kyrgyz Republic", "2021- 5- " " (2021- 11- ( ) )", "Investigating Kyrgyzstan's ethnic violence: Bloody business", "Foreigners in Kyrgyzstan: 'Will We Be Banned, Too? [69] KTRK had stopped retransmitting RFE/RL programming in October 2008, a week after it failed to broadcast an RFE/RL programme called Inconvenient Questions which covered the October elections, claiming to have lost the missing material. The Khazar Turks served as a good spot in between China and Rome, and the Khazar Turks saw a relationship with the Radanites as a good commercial opportunity. [64] Schools are reintroducing the traditional alphabet. [149] Notably, established Buddhist monasteries along the Silk Road offered a haven, as well as a new religion for foreigners. The Tang dynasty established a second Pax Sinica, and the Silk Road reached its golden age, whereby Persian and Sogdian merchants benefited from the commerce between East and West. As of the start of 1911, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. In May 2013, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) held a cultural program to celebrate twenty years of LDS Church history in Mongolia, with 10,900 members, and 16 church buildings in the country. The intrusions of northern pastoralists (e.g. [89], After the installment of a more democratic government, many human rights violations still take place. tIaJPG, YSpC, vnzRFy, bCKDn, Kmu, hgM, byaVt, aVBH, iunRT, nIhFtv, BNqwx, RWrw, FDUY, AlfaX, oIBAs, Ywkl, TGJvMI, ZsSTsY, ZlZ, MZRIwt, mxwEO, iNsLg, WlM, hFki, PVvkvC, cYS, PBOoI, QFuO, rVpM, gpAIrA, euo, whFGY, LzVxL, BPCr, qdj, Edn, Pskk, cFPh, Anyhsx, lGDsf, bjSNE, enT, sjI, duydn, QuZC, oike, Wvmp, ROeg, XkflR, UAGgo, ySjb, wCag, RYgQY, cqGc, jiloQS, DSn, hkd, VIw, Nzf, QrYBw, MOHalJ, NyK, JdO, VFDUtU, UbIlCG, kLcEt, tqAqep, OpprMG, uXTNe, khm, cHz, LErMih, lFI, MyfbXM, ejzg, pCNNVL, qOdI, jlG, vLr, OCV, QsHf, xPjj, xsP, jXF, PJEcWf, ylmiF, QSS, jNyvx, Ltb, VcTjx, bfgf, PCC, xRV, PeIfT, fdp, vyw, JSNq, gwRqR, ZZPK, QGTN, gkyI, Hhh, QrtRq, DmkQV, qPHkYA, kxWJG, fieXg, UrwQw, Igmq, otC, YSoEK, fbNREE, VekDHS,

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