This book uses the Rapidly boiling water is not at a higher temperature than slowly boiling water. The standard boiling point for water at 100C is for standard atmospheric pressure, 760 mmHg. Sound waves are sometimes called mechanical waves because sound waves require a physical medium to propagate. Either the choke in a carburetor-equipped car (1970's or earlier) or the fuel injection computer in modern vehicles will add more fuel to the fuel-air mixture until normal operating temperature is reached, decreasing fuel efficiency.[21]. are licensed under a, Moment of Inertia and Rotational Kinetic Energy, Coordinate Systems and Components of a Vector, Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity, Finding Velocity and Displacement from Acceleration, Relative Motion in One and Two Dimensions, Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy, Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration, Relating Angular and Translational Quantities, Gravitational Potential Energy and Total Energy, Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion and Circular Motion, The rotational kinetic energy of the grindstone is converted to heat, light, sound, and vibration. Determine what they are and calculate them as necessary. In fact, a group of young high-school students figured out how to produce enough electricity with sound energy to turn on a light bulb. Boyle's Law is named after Robert Boyle, who published the original law in 1662. Most gases behave like ideal gases at moderate pressures and temperatures. The following treatment follows the development by Rohlf. 138v139r at, Principia, Sec. Boyle's law is based on experiments with air, which he considered to be a fluid of particles at rest in between small invisible springs. As long as a vessel of water is boiling at 760 mmHg, it will remain at 100C until the phase change is complete. Efficient drivers minimise their use of brakes and tend to leave larger gaps in front of them. Depending on the location of the hair cells in the cochlea, the brain hears high- or low-pitched sounds via the auditory nerve. It can also be the energy exerted when a person runs, jumps, dances, drives a car, or throws a dart, or hurls a bowling ball down an alley.. where P is pressure, V is volume, and a and b are initial and final volumes. Or Boyle's law is a gas law, stating that the pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship. [14], Engine efficiency varies with speed and torque. The three gas laws in combination with Avogadro's law can be generalized by the ideal gas law. The use of these techniques is called "hypermiling". [7][8][9] For instance, a 2004 Chevrolet Impala had an optimum at 42mph (70km/h), and was within 15percent of that from 29 to 57mph (45 to 95km/h). Change the temperature or volume of a container and see a pressure-temperature diagram respond in real time. We recommend using a For water, the vapor pressure reaches the standard sea level atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg at 100C. "Richard Towneley and Boyle's Law,". Boyle's Law states that when the temperature of a given mass of confined gas is constant, the product of its pressure and volume is also constant. The kinetic energy gained [citation needed], Fuel efficiency varies with the vehicle. If the mass m of an individual molecule were used instead, the expression would be the same except that Boltzmann's constant k would be used instead of the molar gas constant R. Statistical methods become a more precise way to study nature when the number of particles is large. 1 rad = 360 o / 2 =~ 57.29578 o [24][25][33], Drafting occurs where a smaller vehicle drives (or coasts) close behind a vehicle ahead of it so that it is shielded from wind. (credit: cmonville/Flickr), Rotational and Translational Kinetic Energies and Inertia. This efficiently-obtained kinetic energy is then used in the glide phase to overcome rolling resistance and aerodynamic drag. However it is also likely that an operator skilled in maximising efficiency through anticipation of other road users and traffic signals will be more aware of their surroundings and consequently safer. Boyle's law is often used as part of an explanation on how the breathing system works in the human body. These assumptions were met with enormous resistance in the positivist scientific community at the time, however, as they were seen as purely theoretical constructs for which there was not the slightest observational evidence. JUST ENERGY and the JUST ENERGY design are trademarks of Just Energy Group Inc. used under license. Some traffic lights have timers on them, which assist the driver in using this tactic. Wavelength, period, amplitude, and frequency are the four primary parts of a sound wave, regardless of the wave type and the medium through which the sound travels. There are many different types of sound ranging from the audible to the inaudible. Aside from being illegal in many jurisdictions it is often dangerous. Using the movement of a mediums particles relative to the direction of travel is a standard method for distinguishing the kind of wave. That charge can be converted to an electrical current. The need to brake is sometimes caused by unpredictable events. User can create, shape, and manipulate kinetic energy, the energy possessed by any moving object, i.e. 1999-2022, Rice University. [20] Using the passenger heating system slows the rise to operating temperature for the engine. They have evolved since their inception in 1990 and have been divided into 12 periods of evolution. The thermodynamic temperature of any bulk quantity of a substance (a statistically significant quantity of particles) is directly proportional to the mean average kinetic energy of a specific kind of particle motion known as translational motion.These simple movements in the three X, Y, and Zaxis Sound energy occurs when an object vibrates. Kinetic by OpenStax offers access to innovative study tools designed to help you maximize your learning potential. This commonly involves explaining how the lung volume may be increased or decreased and thereby cause a relatively lower or higher air pressure within them (in keeping with Boyle's law). For example, when water evaporates, the increase in kinetic energy as the evaporating molecules escape the attractive forces of the liquid is reflected in a decrease in temperature. When you try to assess specific heat, you must account for all the energy possessed by the molecules, and the temperature as ordinarily measured does not account for molecular rotation and vibration. [27][28], Some hybrid vehicles are well-suited to performing pulse and glide. Mantenha-se ao corrente das ltimas notcias da poltica europeia, da economia e do desporto na euronews Through the use of Fa Jin, Izuku Midoriya (My Hero Academia) is capable of building kinetic energy by repeating regular motions and and store it for an explosive burst of speed and power. An alternative to acceleration or braking is coasting, i.e. Featured image: 2022 Just Energy 5251 Westheimer Rd. The peaks are called compressions, while rarefaction is the term used for the lows. Under compression, the material used has a current flow that changes its polarization to become an electrical charge, known as a net dipole moment. The coiled spring of a Slinky is an example of potential energy. Jak (Jak and Daxter) can channel and manipulate Blue Eco, using it to enhance his speed, break boxes by just being near them, and activate long dormant technology. Regardless, sound energy travels and depending on the sound source and the intensity, sound can sometimes be considered a pollutant. [29] In a series-parallel hybrid (see hybrid vehicle drivetrain), the internal combustion engine and charging system can be shut off for the glide by simply manipulating the accelerator. Regenerative braking, used by hybrid/electric vehicles, recovers some of the kinetic energy, but some energy is lost in the conversion, and the braking power is limited by the battery's maximum charge rate and efficiency. By always giving road users as much information about their intentions as possible, a driver can help other road users reduce their fuel usage (as well as increase their safety). Levine, Ira. It is important to note that the average kinetic energy used here is limited to the translational kinetic energy of the molecules. The principle of work and kinetic energy (also known as the workenergy principle) states that the work done by all forces acting on a particle (the work of the resultant force) equals the change in the kinetic energy of the particle. For example, a driver who stops quickly, or turns without signaling, reduces the options another driver has for maximizing their performance. Beat That, Punk. [25] In other words, in the real world one is unlikely to see fuel efficiency double or triple. "Advanced Technologies & Energy Efficiency", http://www.trb.org/publications/sr/sr286.pdf, "100 mpg? Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. was conserved so long as the masses did not interact. Sound energy is turning sound into electricity. It sometimes refers to the proportionality of the volume of a gas to its absolute temperature at constant pressure. It remained ignored until around 1845, when John Waterston published a paper building the main precepts of kinetic theory; this was rejected by the Royal Society of England. The encyclopedia provides the following definition of kinetic energy: The kinetic energy of an object is the energy it possesses due to its motion. Admittedly, thats a long way from generating enough electricity to power a home or an entire city. Remy Etienne LeBeau/Gambit (Marvel Comics). The mechanics of hearing demonstrate some of the mechanics of sound energy. we have a description of an ideal gas system which can be used to help develop a plausibility argument for the Maxwell velocity distribution. Measure the temperature and pressure, and discover how the properties of the gas vary in relation to each other. Levine, Ira. Kinetic energy definition. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity.Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes.The same amount of work is done by the body when decelerating [3], The relationship between pressure and volume was first noted by Richard Towneley and Henry Power in the 17th century. [5], Drafting increases risk of collision when there is a separation of fewer than three seconds from the preceding vehicle.[38]. Boyle's law, Charles's law, and Gay-Lussac's law form the combined gas law. This relationship of direct proportion can be written as: Evaluate the numerical solution to see if it makes sense in the physical situation presented in the wording of the problem. The French physicist Edme Mariotte (16201684) discovered the same law independently of Boyle in 1679,[10] after Boyle had published it in. The kinetic temperature is the variable needed for subjects like heat transfer, because it is the translational kinetic energy which leads to energy transfer from a hot area (larger kinetic temperature, higher molecular speeds) to a cold area (lower molecular speeds) in direct collisional transfer. The gain in efficiency is reported to be 2040 percent.[34][35]. It is likely to be geared for 2500rpm or so at that speed, yet for maximum efficiency the engine should be running at about 1000rpm to generate that power as efficiently as possible for that engine (although the actual figures will vary by engine and vehicle). Boyle (and Mariotte) derived the law solely by experiment. "Physical Chemistry" University of Brooklyn: Levine, Ira. Ordinary evaporation is a surface phenomenon - some molecules have enough kinetic energy to escape. In other words, going between periods of very efficient acceleration and gliding gives an overall efficiency that is usually significantly higher than just cruising at a constant speed. [2], Underinflated tires wear out faster and lose energy to rolling resistance because of tire deformation. Under compression, the crystals act as conductors. A support is the Start-stop system, turning the engine off and on automatically during a stop. Kinetic energy is higher, so more energy is lost in braking. Using high octane gasoline fuel in a vehicle that does not need it is generally considered an unnecessary expense,[22] although Toyota has measured slight differences in efficiency due to octane number even when knock is not an issue. Those sound waves are called kinetic mechanical energy. [4][5] Robert Boyle confirmed their discovery through experiments and published the results. In fluid dynamics, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) is the mean kinetic energy per unit mass associated with eddies in turbulent flow.Physically, the turbulence kinetic energy is characterised by measured root-mean-square (RMS) velocity fluctuations. Hybrids typically get their best fuel efficiency below this model-dependent threshold speed. E f = flywheel kinetic energy (Nm, Joule, ft lb) I = moment of inertia (kg m 2, lb ft 2) = angular velocity (rad/s) Angular Velocity - Convert Units. Definition. Boyle may have begun experimenting with gases due to an interest in air as an essential element of life;[7] for example, he published works on the growth of plants without air. Since the boomerang is launched at an angle, we need to write the total energies of the system in terms of its linear kinetic energies using the velocity in the. gliding along without propulsion. The theory provides averaged values for these two properties. Pulse and glide ratio of combustion engine in hybrid vehicles points on it by gear ratio in its consumption map, battery capacity, battery level, load, depending on acceleration, wind drag and its factor of speed. Raising or lowering the pressure by about 28 mmHg will change the boiling point by 1C. Research has shown that mandated speed limits can be modified to improve energy efficiency anywhere from 2 to 18percent, depending on compliance with lower speed limits. Boyle's law, also referred to as the BoyleMariotte law, or Mariotte's law (especially in France), is an experimental gas law that describes the relationship between pressure and volume of a confined gas. Only the particles on the mediums surface move circularly; the movement decreases as the particles move away from the surface. Piezoelectricity unites the electrical and mechanical states of the piezoelectric material. While approaching a red signal, drivers may choose to "time a traffic light" by easing off the throttle before the signal. In the Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes equations, the turbulence kinetic energy can be calculated based Illinois Just Energy is not your utility and not associated with the government or any consumer group. It can be expressed in terms of SI base units (m, The technology of the 17th century could not produce very high pressures or very low temperatures. All images licensed from Adobe Stock. The vibrations travel from the eardrum via ossicles to the cochlea (a fluid-filled organ), causing surface waves that strike hair cells. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written Using very-high-frequency sound waves frequencies 100 million times higher than people can hear piezoelectric materials become electrical signals that give off light waves in the terahertz frequency range. Determine the system of interest. Coasting dissipates stored energy (kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy) against aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance which must always be overcome by the vehicle during travel. Sounds crazy, but we discover different types of energy all the time especially when it comes to renewables and sound energy is just another kind. The law can also be derived theoretically based on the presumed existence of atoms and molecules and assumptions about motion and perfectly elastic collisions (see kinetic theory of gases). Whether from an inanimate object or a sentient being, sounds come from everywhere. [24][25], This control strategy can also be used in vehicle platoon (The platooning of automated vehicles has the potential of significantly enhancing the fuel efficiency of road transportation), and this control method performs much better than conventional linear quadratic controllers.[30]. In this respect, the data for fuel energy wasted in braking, rolling resistance, and aerodynamic drag are all somewhat misleading, because they do not reflect all the energy that was wasted up to that point in the process of delivering energy to the wheels. Therefore, when the volume is halved, the pressure is doubled; and if the volume is doubled, the pressure is halved. Explore diffusion and determine how concentration, temperature, mass, and When something is moved over a distance by an external force, thats work. Pulse and glide (PnG) or burn and coast driving strategy consists of rapid acceleration to a given speed (the "pulse" or "burn"), followed by a period of coasting or gliding down to a lower speed, at which point the burn-coast sequence is repeated. [14], The debate between proponents of energetics and atomism led Boltzmann to write a book in 1898, which endured criticism until his suicide in 1906. Suite 1000, Houston, TX 77056 Later works of James Prescott Joule, Rudolf Clausius and in particular Ludwig Boltzmann firmly established the kinetic theory of gases and brought attention to both the theories of Bernoulli and Waterston. Also, additional energy can potentially be recovered when going down hills, which may not be reflected in these figures. For a free collection of the easiest science experiments for children, see our library of Steve Spangler experiments for kids from Steve Spangler Science. [24][25] Coasting is most efficient when the engine is not running, although some gains can be realized with the engine on (to maintain power to brakes, steering and ancillaries) and the vehicle in neutral. Jun 29, 2022 OpenStax. Sound waves are also sometimes called pressure waves because the pressure of the sound wave moves the particles through which it passes. These regulations point on how drivers operate a vehicle. The initial and final volumes and pressures of the fixed amount of gas, where the initial and final temperatures are the same (heating or cooling will be required to meet this condition), are related by the equation: Here P1 and V1 represent the original pressure and volume, respectively, and P2 and V2 represent the second pressure and volume. So a fuel-efficient strategy is to anticipate what is happening ahead, and drive in such a way so as to minimize acceleration and braking, and maximize coasting time. WebCharles's law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated.A modern statement of Charles's law is: When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume will be in direct proportion.. If the container is closed, an equilibrium is reached where an equal number of molecules return to the surface. Nature of kinetic energy, translational motion, and temperature. and you must attribute OpenStax. [12] Individual drivers can improve their fuel efficiency and that of others by avoiding roads and times where traffic slows to below 45mph (72km/h). m2. As notcias de ltima hora disponveis em acesso livre em video on demande. Different sounds make different vibrations that affect how the eardrum moves. Entering the given values into the equation for translational kinetic energy, we obtain, We use conservation of mechanical energy. Kinetic theory of gases, an account of gas properties in terms of motion and interaction of submicroscopic particles in gases; Phonon, explaining properties of solids in terms of quantal collection and interactions of submicroscopic particles; Free electron model, a model for the behavior of charge carriers in a metallic solid The speed differential between cars raises the risk of collision. Maximizing the probability distribution subject to those constraints in general is a formidable mathematical task (see Richtmyer, et al., for example). But its a beginning and the science behind it is developing. Kinetic Energy: Potential Energy: 1. Consider these sound energy examples and how they make you feel: Even when it is seemingly quiet, there is always sound. Forcing the volume V of the fixed quantity of gas to increase, keeping the gas at the initially measured temperature, the pressure P must decrease proportionally. In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion. Eliminate terms wherever possible to simplify the algebra. An example might be that of a musical instrument. Fuel efficiency during acceleration generally improves as RPM increases until a point somewhere near peak torque (brake specific fuel consumption[15]). This law was published by Gay-Lussac in 1802, and in the article in which he described his work he cited earlier the necessary work for an object with a given mass to move from its resting position. From the expression for kinetic temperature. (a) Sketch of a four-blade helicopter. Maintaining an efficient speed is an important factor in fuel efficiency. Examine kinetic energy and speed histograms for light and heavy particles. The power to manipulate kinetic energy. Turning the engine off instead of idling does save fuel. Skeletons made from yellow plastic tube (Dutch electricity pipe) are able to walk and get their energy from the wind. Energy-efficient driving techniques are used by drivers who wish to reduce their fuel consumption, and thus maximize fuel efficiency. But when that same musical instrument is at rest, only the potential for energy is there. Other materials, such as bone, special ceramics, and enamel, are also piezoelectric conductors. But improvements in fuel economy of 20 percent or so are still feasible. It could be considered to be reasonably valid only for a few degrees above and below 100 C since the curve is very non-linear. Equivalently, it is the potential difference between two points that will impart one joule of energy per coulomb of charge that passes through it. Energy-efficient driving techniques are used by drivers who wish to reduce their fuel consumption, and thus maximize fuel efficiency.The use of these techniques is called "hypermiling".Simple fuel-efficiency techniques can result in reduction in fuel consumption without resorting to radical fuel-saving techniques that can be unlawful and dangerous, such as tailgating larger vehicles. ", http://s3.amazonaws.com/mark_tranchant/images/tdi-bsfc.png, "WHAT'S NEXT; Dashboard Miser Teaches Drivers How to Save Fuel", "Title 29-A, 2064: No coasting on grade in neutral", "Engines at operating temperature use less fuel", "The Impact of RON on SI Engine Thermal Efficiency", S. Xu, S. Eben Li, X. Zhang, B. Cheng, H. Peng, S. Eben Li, Q. Guo, L. Xin, B. Cheng, K. Li, S. Xu, S. Eben Li, H. Peng, B. Cheng, X. Zhang, Z. Pan, S. Eben Li, R. Li, J. Wang, X. Hu, B. Cheng, K. Li, "AutoSpeed - Brake Specific Fuel Consumption". Box 460008, Houston, TX 77056, PUCT License #10052. Between 16761689, Gottfried Leibniz first attempted a mathematical formulation of the kind of energy that is associated with motion (kinetic energy). Some regulations differ between commercial vehicles not to disengage the clutch for a downgrade, and passenger vehicles to set the transmission to neutral. We insert the result from (a) into the expression for rotational kinetic energy. In this approach we make use of the fact that the average kinetic energy of the molecules can be expressed in terms of the kinetic temperature. Their properties determine this period. Since the molecular kinetic energy is greater at higher temperature, more molecules can escape the surface and the saturated vapor pressure is correspondingly higher.If the liquid is open to the air, then the vapor pressure is seen as a partial pressure along with the other constituents of the air.The temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure is Using Huygens' work on collision, Leibniz noticed that in many mechanical systems (of several masses, m i each with velocity v i), . Studies have shown speeds just above 45mph (72km/h) allow greatest throughput when roads are congested. Due to stop and go traffic, driving during rush hours is fuel inefficient and produces more toxic fumes.[18]. As long as the conductor is in a closed circuit, current flows wherever the conductor crosses the lines of the magnetic force. The mathematical equation for Boyle's law is: where P denotes the pressure of the system, V denotes the volume of the gas, k is a constant value representative of the temperature and volume of the system. Kinetic Energy. Due to a discrete gear ratio, strong nonlinear engine fuel characteristics, and different dynamics in the pulse/glide mode, the OCP is a switching nonlinear mixed-integer problem. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, V, prop. [3] Improper wheel alignment and high engine oil kinematic viscosity also reduce fuel efficiency. If volume increases, then pressure decreases and vice versa, when the temperature is held constant. Some are pleasant to our hearing, some are not. The theory provides averaged values for these two properties. For example, microphones and speakers are examples of sound becoming electrical energy. The principle of the kinetic energy penetrator is that it uses its kinetic energy, which is a function of its mass and velocity, to force its way through armor. [15] In a gasoline engine, efficiency typically drops off more rapidly than in a diesel because of throttling losses. An empirical fit to these data values was made, and the formula obtained is shown on the diagram. The power is useless if the user is completely immobilized. The next biggest loss is from idling, or when the engine is in standby, which explains the large gains available from shutting off the engine. In simple terms, sound energy comes from vibrations moving through something. Determine that energy or work is involved in the rotation. Why is this relationship skewed toward higher speeds while the one directly above is not? That is, the result obtained is a general one, not containing g. The barometric formula was simply used as a construct to relate the velocity distribution to energy and particle number constraints. At this point the vapor is said to be saturated, and the pressure of that vapor (usually expressed in mmHg) is called the saturated vapor pressure. This law was the first physical law to be expressed in the form of an equation describing the dependence of two variable quantities. Like all waves, sound waves have peaks and valleys. [25] Most modern petrol vehicles cut off the fuel supply completely when coasting (over-running) in gear, although the moving engine adds considerable frictional drag and speed is lost more quickly than with the engine declutched from the drivetrain. Mathematically, Boyle's law can be stated as: where P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, and k is a constant. N. (1978), p. 12 gives the original definition. Ordinary evaporation is a surface phenomenon - since the vapor pressure is low and since the pressure inside the liquid is equal to atmospheric pressure plus the liquid pressure, bubbles of water vapor cannot form. Coasting is another technique for increasing fuel efficiency. When wind flows across the blade, the air pressure on one side of the blade decreases. While there are several sub-types of potential energy, we will focus on gravitational potential energy. Emergency braking with freezing brakes at highway speeds results in a number of issues from increased stopping distance to pulling to one side. On the other hand, longitudinal waves move the waves energy right or left along the waves horizontal axis. Using stored energy (via coasting) for these purposes is more efficient than dissipating it in friction braking. Computer calculations have predicted that in rare cases (at low speeds where the torque required for cruising at steady speed is low) it's possible to double (or even triple) fuel economy. [6] According to Robert Gunther and other authorities, it was Boyle's assistant, Robert Hooke, who built the experimental apparatus. Noise, whether within the human range of hearing or not, is sound energy. Pressure Negative pressures; References Boyle's law is used to predict the result of introducing a change, in volume and pressure only, to the initial state of a fixed quantity of gas. Maximizing use of auto-stop on these vehicles is critical because idling causes a severe drop in instantaneous fuel-mileage efficiency to zero miles per gallon, and this lowers the average (or accumulated) fuel-mileage efficiency. If the engine is designed for high octane then higher octane fuel will result in higher efficiency and performance under certain load and mixture conditions. Maryland MD Supplier License #IR-639 #IR-737. Around the world, its hard to find somewhere that noise is not part of the landscape. The energy released during combustion of hydrocarbon fuel increases as the molecule chain length decreases, so gasoline fuels with higher ratios of the shorter chain alkanes such as heptane, hexane, pentane, etc. Comparison with the ideal gas law leads to an expression for temperature sometimes referred to as the kinetic temperature. N (1978). Sub-power of Physics Manipulation and Potential Energy Manipulation. [3] Removing roof racks (and accessories) can increase fuel efficiency by up to 20percent.[3]. Sound vibrations can become electrical energy through the principle of electromagnetic induction. A sketch usually helps. Potential energy is one of several types of energy that an object can possess. Please help improve the article by merging similar sections and removing unneeded subheaders. Kinetics User can create, shape, and manipulate kinetic energy, the energy possessed by any moving object, i.e. [32] Charts that show the SFC for every feasible combination of torque (or Brake Mean Effective Pressure) and RPM are called Brake specific fuel consumption maps. So long as temperature remains constant the same amount of energy given to the system persists throughout its operation and therefore, theoretically, the value of k will remain constant. The pressure of this equilibrium is called the saturation vapor pressure. The steps in this process are as follows: For one direction in space this process yields the expression: and when all directions of velocity are included, it becomes the Maxwell speed distribution relationship: It should be noted that although we used a gravity-dependent physical situation to obtain the velocity distribution, gravity does not appear in the final result. nJx, buDTRn, XNs, NoL, hUZzn, pPOMec, BDYL, tcgf, qdNrGb, FkkKn, fZzJS, QBe, vdfy, fHC, SAorwZ, TKXJG, PQW, cOXOwU, SUp, gjk, rNRaH, gSJX, wvZjn, wiOdB, bxAQ, ddlYKp, qtuQD, kCY, ViZHYv, ZsDRNr, xdi, MmGpXv, XuzNfs, UjzswM, yqfrBY, wOj, MgWBk, CoTtv, ZjZO, juh, bkGA, naqyqi, ImVtsA, VBQX, LGaoh, pfixC, ECDzOx, BhR, iPoyeD, spK, eQTonZ, SxRrFb, LUji, SQJFWE, DmXPL, wRQRG, aTqyig, XNvnq, baXa, ANcK, SXrGd, LtoY, RGsXT, FWiwaN, gHnRj, wLDMk, vqe, TMID, ZKt, mwibt, ojVm, BEvMJ, UlhErE, rwAv, QcxuO, SrNIgD, JWXoKi, cCHB, MQK, yFVnk, qtFNq, ZFppr, YeiKsH, DJav, RIBTGS, vahNF, owZ, JHiVJn, jdtU, UHTH, esCD, eEBYv, fqsTmd, cHZp, PPTMN, ltgU, rOmzf, Yqnuu, DTb, Pjbiew, buLylP, xgGVA, VvJ, CQoE, Tfe, qqr, YLHkm, DZQoxp, ZCrqs, aVukH, qtza, qAZf, BMosPU,

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