The Rockwell hardness of tungsten alloy samples before and after HIP was measured according to the GB/T23012004 Standard of Rockwell hardness testing for metallic materials. ); (United States). Science, 1998, 282(5392): 1293-1295. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. Taking 93W-Ni-Fe sintered bars and powder materials as raw materials, the HIP strengthening effect of different materials under different HIP process parameters was compared. The volume fraction of twin and {omega} domains increases with increasing content of tungsten. Heat capacityis an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. journal = "Journal of Nuclear Materials", Mechanical properties of tungsten: Recent research on modified tungsten materials in Japan, ENG - Quantum Science and Energy Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2020.152506. 10. Recrystallization behavior and thermal shock resistance of the W-1.0wt% TaC alloy. Met. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2016, 54: 14-18. The yield, Cobalt, tantalum, and tungsten concentrations were varied according to a matrix of compositions based on the single crystal version of MAR-M247. With the increase of temperature, the diffusivity of W to the phase was enhanced, resulting in an increase in the relative density of the sample. 1-10. Weight - The specific gravity of tungsten carbide is from 1-1/2 to 2 times that of carbon steel. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2019, 745: 495-508. We use cookies to enhance your experience. D Rupp, R Monig, P Gruber, et al. Thermal shock response of fine- and ultra-fine-grained tungsten-based materials. In addition, this work was performed with the support and under the auspices of the National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS) Collaboration Research program (NIFS11K0BF019). The test material was shocked to 45 GPa for 1.8{mu}s and soft-recovered such that deformation that occurred during this procedure was predominantly due to the shock loading. ; Wang, Y.F. Physical mechanisms are subsequently proposed to rationalize the shock-induced twinning and non-equilibrium phase transformation. When separated and purified, tungsten has: The highest melting point of all known elements except carbon (3,410 C; 6,170 F; 3,683 K). Effect of process parameters on the selective laser melting (SLM) of tungsten. In brittle materials the ultimate tensile strength is close to the yield point, whereas in ductile materials the ultimate tensile strength can be higher. Optics & Laser Technology, 2019, 116: 128-138. ; Jiang, X.S. ; Ma, Y.Z. ; Yang, H. Densification behavior of Ti-6Al-4V powder during hot isostatic pressing. Authors are also grateful to Dr. M. Wirtz, Dr. T. Loewenhoff, and staffs of Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK), Forschungszentrum J{\"u}lich GmbH (FZJ) for their support to our thermal shock tests in FZJ. Their bend strength at room and increased temperatures increases and there is an increase in the total deformation and the work for deformation at increased temperatures, a reduction in oxidation and adhesion interaction with the material being machined, and a significant increase in wear resistance in cutting. Tungsten has an atomic number of 74, a relative atomic mass of 183.85, and an atomic volume of 9.53 cm3 / mol. Applied Surface Science, 2018, 457: 11-20. It is a bulky metal and has the highest melting point of any metal. Funding Information: In its raw form, tungsten is a hard steel-grey metal that is often brittle and hard to work.Purified, monocrystalline tungsten retains its hardness (which exceeds that of many steels), and becomes malleable enough that it can be worked easily. ; Ma, J.; Liu, W.; Shen, Z.J. Materials & Design, 2017, 126: 1-11. According to the original mechanical properties of sintered bars, the comparison of mechanical properties of materials under different process parameters is shown in. Eng. The process uses an abrasive and corrosive chemical slurry (commonly a colloid) in conjunction with a polishing pad and retaining ring, typically of a greater diameter than the wafer. Applied Sciences, 2017, 7(430): 1-13. However, materials alloyed by Re have an intrinsic concern of higher irradiation hardening caused by neutron irradiation up to higher doses. The structural, mechanical and thermodynamic properties of tungsten-based alloys, including W 0.5 Ti 0.5 ,W 0 . ; Yu, C.F. Materials & Design, 2016, 98: 344-357. It also has also excellent high temperature mechanical properties and the lowest expansion coefficient of all metals. T Dummer, J C Lasalvia, G Ravichandran, et al. When selecting the materials to best meet the requirements of your application, the physical properties are of critical importance. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2015, 222: 33-42. Although the cathode is commonly changed, carbon allotropes can also be employed in fabricating anodes. McMaster-Carr is the complete source for your plant with over 700,000 products. Nature Physics, 2016, 12: 424-434. R K Enneti, R Morgan, S V Atre. International Journal of Refractory metals and Hard Materials, 2017, 71: 315-319. In this paper, the effects of grain refining, K-doping, dispersion strengthening by La2O3 particles, and alloying by Re are discussed from the viewpoints of both short- and long-term material properties and phenomena, including effects of neutron irradiation and high heat loads, which should be considered under the actual fusion reactor environments. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2018, 19(1): 370380. Electrical resistivity of Tungsten is52.8 nm. In former standards HB or HBS were used to refer to measurements made with steel indenters. progress in the field that systematically reviews the most exciting advances in scientific literature. The investigations were made with a constant weight ratio of Ti:WC = 35:65% and an unchanged carbon content. Materials & Design, 2019, 162: 384-393. Using a mechanical alloying-hot isostatic pressing method, new dispersion strengthened tungsten (DS-W) alloys containing TiO 2 particles on grain boundaries have been Electrical discharge machining (EDM), also known as spark machining, spark eroding, die sinking, wire burning or wire erosion, is a metal fabrication process whereby a desired shape is obtained by using electrical discharges (sparks). Magnetic susceptibility of Tungsten is+59e-6 cm^3/mol. At 1300 C and 140 MPa, the sintered bar achieved excellent mechanical properties: yield strength increased by 16.5%, tensile strength increased by 16.1%, and fracture strength increased by 85.3%. With its unique physical and chemical properties, Tungsten is applied in traditional heavy industries such as automotive, mechanical engineering and toolmaking, oil and gas industry, medical technology, aerospace, chemical industry, as well as electronics. Tungstentantalum (W-Ta) alloys containing 15%Ta were developed for fusion reactor applications. In addition, this work was performed with the support and under the auspices of the National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS) Collaboration Research program (NIFS11K0BF019). The results show that tungsten additions increase the yield strength and the rate of work hardening Anyone canbe able to come here,learn the basicsofmaterials science, material properties and to compare these properties. Part of The term "mechanical bosses" refers to three Hardmode bosses; The Destroyer, The Twins, and Skeletron Prime, which are grouped together under this generic term due to sharing certain characteristics: They can be summoned by "mechanical" items, and are themselves metallic and robotic in appearance, resembling mechanical versions of the pre-Hardmode bosses Eater of ; Liu, H.L. There remain some drawbacks of mechanical properties of W materials as a plasma facing material (PFM) for fusion reactor divertors, which are low temperature brittleness, high ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT), and recrystallization-induced embrittlement. of Engineering, Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (United States). Z M Xie, R Liu, S Miao, et al. Copyright 2022 Periodic Table | All Rights Reserved |, Elements - Properties - Price - Applications - Production, Tantalum Properties Price Applications Production, Rhenium Properties Price Applications Production. Formation of nanocrystalline tungsten by selective laser melting of tungsten powder. @article{osti_345085, title = {The effect of tungsten on the mechanical properties of tantalum}, author = {Briant, C L and Lassila, D H}, abstractNote = {This paper reports a study of the mechanical behavior of Ta and Ta-W alloys. Four main fracture modes of tungsten heavy alloys are shown in. 2020BAB045), Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute (No. Shuhei Nogami, Akira Hasegawa, Makoto Fukuda, Michael Rieth, Jens Reiser, Gerald Pintsuk, Research output: Contribution to journal Article peer-review. Microstructures, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Pure TungstenA Comparison Between Selective Laser Melting and Hot Rolling. but the fill must be chosen carefully to avoid introducing significant heat losses. Mechanical Properties of Steels. To solve these issues, development of W materials with improved thermo-mechanical properties, neutron irradiation tolerance, and possibility of mass-production with microstructural uniformity has been advanced for the last decade under the collaboration R&D by universities in Japan. ; Jeong, Y.K. Densification behavior and mechanical properties of binderless WC spark plasma sintered at 18732123K for 030min under 50MPa were investigated. B Li, B Qian, Y Xu, et al. Together they form a unique fingerprint. Powered by Pure, Scopus & Elsevier Fingerprint Engine 2022 Elsevier B.V. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. More info. Get the latest news and analysis in the stock market today, including national and world stock market news, business news, financial news and more those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). The Journal of Emergency Medicine is an international, peer-reviewed publication featuring original contributions of interest to both the academic and practicing emergency physician.JEM, published monthly, contains research papers and clinical studies as well as articles focusing on the training of emergency physicians and on the practice of emergency The relative density, Rockwell hardness, tensile properties, and tensile fracture behavior of tungsten alloy materials fabricated by HIP were analyzed. Historically, the earliest microfabrication processes were used for integrated circuit fabrication, also known as "semiconductor manufacturing" or "semiconductor device fabrication".In the last two decades microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), microsystems (European Selective laser melting of reduced graphene oxide/S136 metal matrix composites with tailored microstructures and mechanical properties. In its most basic form, tungsten carbide is a fine gray powder, but it can be pressed and formed for use in industrial machinery, cutting tools, abrasives, armor-piercing shells and jewellery. The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. Latent Heat of Fusion of Tungsten is 35.4 kJ/mol. The tensile specimens were tested using a tensile test machine (FPZ100, Germany) based on GB/T228.1-2010 metallic material tensile testing under the condition of the loading speed (1.5 mm/min). with a standard taken as unity), and adhesion interaction were determined. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. They are mainly used in mechanical engineering, chemical, and power engineering, microelectronics as well as space engineering. The objective of this paper is to report new results obtained from pure tantalum and tantalum tungsten alloys shocked at {approx}30 GPa in order to clarify the correlation between dislocation structure (i.e., density and arrangement) and shock-induced twinning and {alpha} {yields} {omega} transition. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-022-00712-5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-022-00712-5. Molybdenum disulfide (or moly) is an inorganic compound composed of molybdenum and sulfur.Its chemical formula is MoS 2.. Bonding tungsten, WCu-alloy and copper with amorphous FeW alloy transition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The pad and wafer are pressed together by a dynamic polishing head and held in place by a plastic retaining ring. 1619 views since: 2014-03-27 Tungsten Alloy are Microstructures, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Pure TungstenA Comparison Between Selective Laser Melting and Hot Rolling, $${A}_{c}=f\left({{h}_{c}}^{2}\right)=24.5{{h}_{c}}^{2}$$, https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-022-00712-5, Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. However, due to the difficulties Chemical Composition. Characteristics Physical properties. S Wen, K Chen, W Li, et al. Different Grades of Tungsten Carbide will differ in Strength, Rigidity, and other Properties, but all Tungsten Carbide Material falls into the basic properties listed below. Materials. The chemical composition of T1 tool steels is outlined in the following table. ; Ji, X.; Guo, S.Q. Butane - Thermal Conductivity vs. State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China, Chong Wang,Daobing Chen,Shifeng Wen&Chunze Yan, Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China, You can also search for this author in Transl. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The results show that after HIP, the tungsten alloy samples obtained further densification, higher relative density and hardness, and lower dispersity. ; Lee, E.S. Hu, B.; Cai, G.S. ; Yuan, Y.F. Binderless sub-micron WC consolidated by hot pressing and treated by hot isostatic pressing. Yan, T.Q. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. ; data curation: B.H. References . W Li, Y Yang, J Liu, et al. ; Wei, C.; Liu, Y.L. Materials Science & Engineering A, 2019, 756: 354-364. Authors are also grateful to Mr. C. Hisaka, Mr. M. Fujiwara, Mr. T. Kim, Mr. K. Takagi, and staffs of Kobe Material Testing Laboratory Co. Ltd. for their support to our development of fatigue testing machine and fatigue tests of W materials. It is resistant to oxidation and attack by acids and alkalis. Microfabrication is the process of fabricating miniature structures of micrometre scales and smaller. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. ; Nandy, T.K. For the mechanical properties and resistance against recrystallization in International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2010, 28(6): 669-673. Shimadzus EDX-7200 is the leader of the EDX series, providing high speed, sensitivity and precision. It was found that W element can both promote the formation of the primary BCC phase and act as a solid solution M B Wang, R D Li, T C Yuan, et al. Dense pure tungsten fabricated by selective laser melting. In-situ characterization of tungsten microcracking in selective laser melting. Y Cheng, M Mrovec, P Gumbsch. Thermal expansionis generally the tendency of matter to change its dimensions in response to a change in temperature. Differences in microstructure and properties between selective laser melting and traditional manufacturing for fabrication of metal parts: A review. The thermal properties of tungsten are tabulated below. Moreover, aluminium and tungsten mechanical properties are more compatible with silicon, i.e., aluminium and tungsten enjoy a lower CTE mismatch and higher melting point than copper. Preparation of pure tungsten via various rolling methods and their influence on macro-texture and mechanical properties. Less than 10% is used in other chemical compounds. The average relative density of tungsten alloy before and after HIP is shown in. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/ac233d from The primary distinction between graphene-based batteries and solid-state batteries lies in the composition of either electrode. It is resistant to oxidation and attack by acids and alkalis. 2020CFB667), Hubei Provincial Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. Hu, B.; Cai, G. Effect of Hot Isostatic Pressing Process Parameters on Properties and Fracture Behavior of Tungsten Alloy Powders and Sintered Bars. H Attar, S Ehtemam-Haghighi, D Kent, et al. T2 - Recent research on modified tungsten materials in Japan. D Hancock, D Homfray, M Porton, et al. Aluminum Alloys - Mechanical Properties - Mechanical properties of aluminum alloys - tensile strength, yield strength and more. Effect of tantalum addition method on microstructure and mechanical properties of the 90(W20Ta)NiFe alloy. Our complex fabrications, assemblies, finished, semi-finished, and machined products manufactured from pure and alloyed molybdenum, tungsten, and niobium refractory metal powders possess unique chemical and mechanical properties designed to influence of tantalum content on the structure and properties of TiC-WC-TaC-Co three-phase sintered carbides, Effects of shock prestrain on the mechanical behavior of tantalum and tantalum-tungsten alloys, Brown Univ., Providence, RI (United States). Privacy abstract = "There remain some drawbacks of mechanical properties of W materials as a plasma facing material (PFM) for fusion reactor divertors, which are low temperature brittleness, high ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT), and recrystallization-induced embrittlement. Journal of Materials Research, 2011, 7(6): 15641583. For pressure-induced phase transformation under hydrostatic-pressure conditions, tantalum may undergo phase transition when the free energy of a competing phase {omega} becomes smaller than that of the parent phase {alpha} above a critical pressure (P{sub eq}), i.e., the equilibrium {alpha} {yields} {omega} transition occurs when the pressure increases above P{sub eq}. 190.3.171.50 on Authors are also grateful to Mr. T. Takida and staffs of A.L.M.T. C Tan, K Zhou, W Ma, et al. Authors are also grateful to Dr. M. Wirtz, Dr. T. Loewenhoff, and staffs of Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK), Forschungszentrum Jlich GmbH (FZJ) for their support to our thermal shock tests in FZJ. Tungsten Carbide Material Properties. Owned and operated by AZoNetwork, 2000-2022. The Excellent Mechanical Properties of Cork: A Novel Approach through the Analysis of Contact Stress. Tungsten and its alloys have typical yield strengths from 300 to 1,000 Mpa and tensile strengths from 500 to 1,050 Mpa. Substitution of Ni for Ta caused large reductions, Recent TEM studies of deformation substructures developed in tantalum and tantalum-tungsten alloys shock-deformed at a peak pressure {approx}45 GPa have revealed the occurrence of shock-induced phase transformation [i.e., {alpha} (bcc) {yields} {omega} (hexagonal) transition] in addition to shock-induced deformation twinning. and G.C. mechanochemistry and its applications for creating a sustainable future. Google Scholar. The Cookies Statement is part of our Privacy Policy. ; Xing, L.L. Approximately half of the tungsten is consumed for the production of hard materials namely tungsten carbide with the remaining major use being in alloys and steels. Lang, L.H. ; Xue, Y.; Bu, G.L. It is the ability of steel to retain its shape after being subjected to stress. To solve these issues, development of W materials with improved thermo-mechanical properties, neutron irradiation tolerance, and possibility of mass-production with microstructural uniformity has been advanced for the last decade under the collaboration R&D by universities in Japan. This work was financially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 15KK0224, 26289351, 24246151, 17H01364, and 18H01196. The chemical name of tungsten is Wolfram, represented by W. Its atomic number is 74 and it belongs to the transition metal category, period 6 of the periodic table. An investigation of the microstructure and ductility of annealed cold-rolled tungsten. K). C Han, C Yan, S Wen, et al. ; Du, Z.Y. Materials 2022, 15, 8647. Please solve this CAPTCHA to request unblock to the website, You reached this page when trying to access Through this R&D, K-doping and Re-addition showed several positive effects. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. For these alloys with low Ta plus W totals, strength was independent of Co level. It is unaffected by dilute acids and oxygen. 2022 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Densification behavior of tungsten alloy powders during hot isostatic pressing. This article on tool steel type T1 will focus on the chemical composition, physical, mechanical and thermal properties and other designations of T1 tool steels. The influence of multi-pass welding on the microstructural and thus on mechanical properties of the joint produced was also investigated. For more information, please refer to It has high meting point compared to all other metallic materials. Tungsten disulfide is an inorganic chemical compound composed of tungsten and sulfur with the chemical formula WS 2. CINDAS Data Series on Material Properties, Volumes 1 to 4, Thermal Expansion of Solids (Ref 1). These additions also cause a change in the deformed microstructure from one that is primarily cellular to one that consists mostly of dislocation tangles. U1808216), Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. WS 2 nanotubes have been investigated as reinforcing agents to improve the mechanical properties of polymeric nanocomposites. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2018, 501: 282-292. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. The authors declare no competing financial interests. The Feature Paper can be either an original research article, a substantial novel research study that often involves Tantalum, like all bcc metals exhibits deformation behavior substantially influenced by alloying, temperature, and strain rate. Electrical Engineering MCQs Need help preparing for your exams? This paper reports a study of the mechanical behavior of Ta and Ta-W alloys. Mechanical Properties The increases in tensile strength with increases in refractory metal content were related to the increases in ..gamma..' volume fraction and solid solution hardening. Our Privacy Policy is a legal statement that explains what kind of information about you we collect, when you visit our Website. Controlling factors for the brittle-to-ductile transition in tungsten single crystals. For Enhanced hardness and wear property of S136 mould steel with nano-TiB2 composites fabricated by selective laser melting method. You seem to have javascript disabled. The Datapaq Food Tracker from Fluke Process Instruments is a thermal profiling system for food processing applications. Springer Nature. the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, A bulb socket provides mechanical support and electrical connections. 2020 Elsevier B.V. N2 - There remain some drawbacks of mechanical properties of W materials as a plasma facing material (PFM) for fusion reactor divertors, which are low temperature brittleness, high ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT), and recrystallization-induced embrittlement. Two of the most important ores of tungsten are scheelite and wolframite. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2018, 72: 27-32. The mechanical properties of tungsten are tabulated below. Rabouhi, H.; Eyidi, D.; Khelfaoui, Y.; Khireddine, A. Microstructural and mechanical characterisation of WCCo alloys elaborated by liquid phase sintering and hot isostatic pressing: Study of WC crystallites size evolution. This research was funded by the Fundamental Research Funds of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Grant No. Wang YK, Miao S, Xie ZM, Liu R, Zhang T, Fang QF, et al. The effect of hot isostatic pressing on thermal conductivity of additively manufactured pure tungsten. Latent Heat of Fusion of Tungsten is 35.4 kJ/mol. The global semiconductor market has entered an exciting period. The mention of names of specific companies or products does not imply any intention to infringe their proprietary rights. Using a mechanical alloying-hot isostatic pressing method, new dispersion strengthened tungsten (DS-W) alloys containing TiO 2 particles on grain boundaries have been developed for improvement of plasma facing materials for divertor components of fusion reactors. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. However, materials alloyed by Re have an intrinsic concern of higher irradiation hardening caused by neutron irradiation up to higher doses. However, it is predicted that increasing the temperature and pressure can further improve the mechanical properties. We have over 5000 electrical and electronics engineering multiple choice questions (MCQs) and answers with hints for each question. The 7200 can also provide support on the newest regulations for consumer and environmental issues. Tensile and creep rupture tests on <001> oriented single crystals were performed at 1000/sup 0/C. This datasheet will elaborate on the properties and applications of this metal. If you are attempting to access this site using an anonymous Private/Proxy network, please disable that and try accessing site again. G Pintsuk, H Kurishita, J Linke, et al. The following conclusions could be drawn: The increase of temperature and pressure can improve the strength, elongation, and percentage reduction of area of the materials to a certain extent, but the increase of temperature was more obvious for its strengthening effect. Effect of rare earth metals (Y, La) and refractory metals (Mo, Ta, Re) to improve the mechanical properties of WNiFe AlloyA Review. S A Yavari, J van der Stok, Y C Chai, et al. Prabhu, G.; Arockia, K.R. However, that of the tungsten alloy powder samples was mainly a full brittle fracture, which reflected extremely low tensile strength and elongation at the micro level. M Leary, M Mazur, J Elambasseril, et al. Comparing the two processes, the mechanical properties of tungsten alloy powders formed directly via HIP were not as good as those of the sintered bars. It is the one used to make the drill bits of the drills (Bell, 2017). 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Effect of strain rate on plastic flow and failure in polycrystalline tungsten. Yan Zhou or Shifeng Wen. W C Oliver, G M Pharr. In this paper, the effects of grain refining, K-doping, dispersion strengthening by La2O3 particles, and alloying by Re are discussed from the viewpoints of both short- and long-term material properties and phenomena, including effects of neutron irradiation and high heat loads, which should be considered under the actual fusion reactor environments. Vietnam, Russia, Canada, and Bolivia The dynamic polishing head is rotated with different axes of rotation (i.e., not concentric). Magnetic susceptibilityis a dimensionless proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of Tungsten in response to an applied magnetic field. (H from hardness, B from brinell and W from the material of the indenter, tungsten (wolfram) carbide). High-density tungsten fabricated by selective laser melting: Densification, microstructure, mechanical and thermal performance. D Z Wang, K L Li, C F Yu, et al. In addition, the tensile fracture morphologies were observed by a scanning election microscope (SEM, HITACHI S-4800, Tokyo, Japan). D Zhang, Q Cai, J Liu. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly Article Material is removed from the work piece by a series of rapidly recurring current discharges between two electrodes, separated by a dielectric The effort required to incorporate high conductivity metals is justified only for some industrial applications. Materials research for fusion. Cookies policy. The Wiki is no longer open to those not logged in. Anyone who wishes to edit the wiki will need to sign in or create a Fandom account, this may be reversed in time. Shock prestraining caused an increase in the yield and flow stress in all of the test materials. In this study, effects of the dispersion strengthening on the thermal change of microstructure Therefore, it is pointed out that investigations of thermo-mechanical properties under higher dose neutron irradiation are significantly required to realize long-term structural reliability and lifetime of fusion reactors.". 2) You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website. Enhanced nanohardness and new insights into texture evolution and phase transformation of TiAl/TiB2 in-situ metal matrix composites prepared via selective laser melting. The effects of tungsten addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of near-eutectic AlCoCrFeNi 2 high-entropy alloy were investigated in this paper. The coefficient of cutting life was determined by transverse machining of steel. The compound is classified as a transition metal dichalcogenide.It is a silvery black solid that occurs as the mineral molybdenite, the principal ore for molybdenum. Nitrogen is the chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7. The formation of low-energy type cellular dislocation structures indicates the occurrence of dynamic-recovery reactions to reduce dislocation density in this region. - Sov. Tungsten. Thermal Properties Cracking behavior in additively manufactured pure tungsten. The following are the application areas of tungsten: Tungsten compounds such as tungsten carbide are used in cement carbides. Y Zhou, X Zeng, Z Yang, et al. 11. Tungsten, as a refractory metal, has a series of excellent properties such as high melting temperature (3410 C), high thermal conductivity, low tritium retention and low sputtering yield, and is regarded as the most promising candidate materials for plasmafacing materials (PFMs) in future fusion reactors [1,2,3].However, the serious embrittlement of tungsten, i.e., Figure 1b shows an evenly distributed dislocation structure with a local dislocation density ({rho}) as high as {approx}5 x 10{sup 12} cm{sup -2} according to {rho} {approx} 1/l{sup 2}, where l ({approx}4.5 nm) is the spacing between two dislocations. Fabrication of ultrafine-grain and great-performance WNiFe alloy with medium W content. At 1300 C and 140 MPa, the sintered bar achieved excellent mechanical properties: yield strength increased by 16.5%, tensile strength increased by 16.1%, and fracture strength increased by 85.3%. X Zhang, Q Yan, S Lang, et al. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. Dive into the research topics of 'Mechanical properties of tungsten: Recent research on modified tungsten materials in Japan'. ; Guo, S.Y. We realize that the basics in the materials science can help people to understand many common problems. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2019, 35(2): 270-284. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2018, 743: 258-261. and G.C. D E J Armstrong, T B Britton. Graphs and tables are included. Here shock-induced twin plates and {omega} phase-domains can be readily seen. MCQs in all electrical engineering subjects including analog and digital communications, control systems, power electronics, electric circuits, electric machines and You can join by creating a Fandom account!We need your help to make this wiki as accurate and professional as possible. Introduction In order to investigate the effect of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process parameters on the properties and fracture behavior of tungsten alloy, HIP experiments with different process parameters were carried out, and the relative density, Rockwell hardness, tensile properties, and tensile fracture behavior were analyzed. Thermal stability and mechanical properties of HfC dispersion strengthened W alloys as plasma-facing components in fusion devices. Main mechanical properties of steel 1- Plasticity . Help us to further improve by taking part in this short 5 minute survey, Characterization of PLA/PCL/Green Mussel Shells Hydroxyapatite (HA) Biocomposites Prepared by Chemical Blending Methods, Determination of the Pressure Dependence of Raman Mode for an AluminaGlass Pair in Hertzian Contact, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Mn(0.47) Fe(25.64) Co(4.04) Ni(48.27) W(18.87), Mn(0.58) Fe(30.76) Co(4.59) Ni(55.09) W(6.88), Mn(0.42) Fe(24.20) Co(3.81) Ni(45.73) W(20.91), Mn(0.52) Fe(29.31) Co(4.40) Ni(52.72) W(8.98). Disclaimer/Publishers Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely T Shen, Y Dai, Y Lee. Mechanical properties and microstructure of W/CuY and W/CuCrZr composites produced by hot isostatic pressing. 98% of products ordered ship from stock and deliver same or next day. Based on measurements of the surface and centerline textures of the Ta-W alloys, no systematic effect of tungsten content on texture was documented. J Zhang, B Song, Q Wei, et al. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. Magnetic propertyrefers to the response of a material to anapplied magnetic field. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2016, 468: 348-354. The microstructures were examined using optical and electron microscopy, differential thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction, and phase extraction. Among the materials developed in this R&D, K-doped W-3%Re hot-rolled plate could be a better solution for PFM, which demonstrated superior properties from several perspectives. Pure Tungsten Properties. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Among the materials developed in this R&D, K-doped W-3%Re hot-rolled plate could be a better solution for PFM, which demonstrated superior properties from several perspectives. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238647, Hu B, Cai G. Effect of Hot Isostatic Pressing Process Parameters on Properties and Fracture Behavior of Tungsten Alloy Powders and Sintered Bars. stress is altered and tom some extent work hardening is exhausted. 67 Zr 0.33 ,W 0.666 Ti 0.1667 Zr 0.1667 ,W 0.67 Hf 0.33 and W 0.666 Ti 0.1667 Hf 0. Tungsten | MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Metric English Physical Properties Density 19.3 g/cc 0.697 lb/in Melting Point 3370 C 6100 F Boiling Point 5900 C 10700 F Tungsten InformationDefinition of Tungsten. The origin of the word tungsten comes from the Swedish word meaning heavy stone. Sources. Toxicity. Fun Facts About Tungsten. Colors Available for Tungsten. Uses for This Strong Metal. Ring Cleaning. Price of Tungsten Carbide Rings. Stores. Google Scholar. Types of Stainless Steels. Consolidation and properties of tungsten by spark plasma sintering and hot isostatic pressing. ; Muoz, A.; Pareja, R. Development of oxide dispersion strengthened W alloys produced by hot isostatic pressing. The results revealed shielding materials with excellent mechanical properties which can further be improved by heat treatment. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 Elsevier B.V.". Main purpose of this project is tohelp the public to learn some interesting and important information about chemical elements and many common materials. Electrical conductivityand its converse,electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Tungsten conducts the flow of electric current. P Gumbsch, J Riedle, A Hartmaier, et al. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2016, 469: 209-216. Below are lists of the top 10 contributors to committees that have raised at least $1,000,000 and are primarily formed to support or oppose a state ballot measure or a candidate for state office in the November 2022 general election. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2017, 23(1): 16-27. Density of Pure Tungsten. ; Liu, W.S. ; Zhao, P.; Zang, N.Z. Natarajan, S.; Gopalan, V.; Rajan, R.A.A. However, materials alloyed by Re have an intrinsic concern of higher irradiation hardening caused by neutron irradiation up to higher doses. 2022. Therefore, it is pointed out that investigations of thermo-mechanical properties under higher dose neutron irradiation are significantly required to realize long-term structural reliability and lifetime of fusion reactors. title = "Mechanical properties of tungsten: Recent research on modified tungsten materials in Japan". Among the materials developed in this R&D, K-doped W-3%Re hot-rolled plate could be a better solution for PFM, which demonstrated superior properties from several perspectives. Tungsten: Properties, chemistry, technology of the element, alloys, and chemical compounds. Powder Metall. The stress-strain behavior of three tantalum alloys containing 2.5, 5, and 10 wt. but your activity and behavior on this site made us think that you are a bot. Mechanical properties of materials, including, aluminum and its alloys, which are obtained by testing tensile material, for example, tensile modulus, Tensile strength, tensile yield strength and elongation are called tensile properties. ; writingreview & editing: B.H. and G.C. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. ; Oh, S.T. Shifeng Wen, born in 1979, is an associate professor at State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information. Corp. for their support to our material fabrications. M Cloots, P J Uggowitzer, K Wegener. It is known that phase stability of a material system under different temperatures and pressures is determined by system free energy. Figure 1a reveals a cellular dislocation structure but no twins or {omega} phase-domains were observed in this region. Cracking in laser additively manufactured W: Initiation mechanism and a suppression approach by alloying. Chemical Properties To solve these issues, development of W materials with improved thermo-mechanical properties, neutron irradiation tolerance, and possibility of mass-production with microstructural uniformity has been advanced for the last decade under the collaboration R&D by universities in Japan. ; Pastor, J.Y. ; Fu, J.B.; Xin, Y.X. Wang, Y.; Zhu, D.G. 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. China is the dominant producer of tungsten; in 2016 it produced over 80 percent of total tungsten mined, and it contained nearly two-thirds of the worlds reserves. Martnez, J.; Savoini, B.; Monge, M.A. several techniques or approaches, or a comprehensive review paper with concise and precise updates on the latest paper provides an outlook on future directions of research or possible applications. Application research progress of hot isostatic pressing technology in nickel-based single crystal superalloy. ; Zhang, J.; Xu, G.Y. The chemical properties of tungsten are provided in the table below: The following table discusses the physical properties of tungsten. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 37 (2022), pp. In addition, after HIP, the fracture mode of the tungsten alloy sintered bar samples was mainly ductile tear, and that of the tungsten alloy powder samples was mainly a full brittle fracture. B Song, X Zhao, S Li, et al. Ye, H.; Huang, Y.B. The results of these examinations and how they correlate with the effects of shock prestrain on mechanical behavior are discussed. A review of selective laser melting of aluminum alloys: Processing, microstructure, property and developing trends. It was then proposed to expand the beneficial mechanical properties of the foil to bulk by fabricating tungsten-copper (W-Cu) laminate composites, which can be used for structural applications. Stainless steel is a generic term for a large family of corrosion resistant alloys containing at least 10.5% chromium and may contain other alloying elements. Acta Materialia, 1998, 46(17): 6267-6290. and G.C. This work was financially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 15KK0224 , 26289351 , 24246151 , 17H01364 , and 18H01196 . ; Chen, B.Q. It is a common element in the universe, estimated at seventh in total abundance in the Milky Way and the Solar System.At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bond to X Zhou, X Liu, D Zhang, et al. Procedia CIRP, 2018, 74: 107. Cold rolled tungsten (W) plates and foils: Evolution of the tensile properties and their indication towards deformation mechanisms. In this interview, AZoM speaks with Greg Gargus from Guided Wave, to discuss the advances in hydrogen peroxide sterilant vapor monitoring. ; Pastor, J.Y. Authors are also grateful to Mr. C. Hisaka, Mr. M. Fujiwara, Mr. T. Kim, Mr. K. Takagi, and staffs of Kobe Material Testing Laboratory Co. Ltd. for their support to our development of fatigue testing machine and fatigue tests of W materials. Compilation of the top interviews, articles, and news in the last year. Typical arrangements of high-density dislocations formed in pure tantalum shocked at {approx}45 GPa are shown in Figs. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. Increases in strength as Co level decreased were considered to be the result of coherency strain hardening from the increased lattice mismatch. S Bonk, J Hoffmann, A Hoffmann, et al. This energy breaks down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas (thepV work). Biomaterials, 2014, 35(24): 6172-6181. Nitrogen is a nonmetal and the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic table, often called the pnictogens. Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet, PRS, MRIA, FGS (17 December 1778 29 May 1829) was a British chemist and inventor who invented the Davy lamp and a very early form of arc lamp.He is also remembered for isolating, by using electricity, several elements for the first time: potassium and sodium in 1807 and calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium and boron the following year, We assume no responsibility for consequences which may arise from the use of information from this website. The chemical symbol for Tungsten is W. The atom consist of a small but massive nucleus surrounded by a cloud of rapidly moving electrons. Wang, C., Chen, D., Zhou, Y. et al. The highest boiling point (5,930 C; 10,706 F; 6,203 K). keywords = "Alloying, Dispersion strengthening, Mechanical property, Powder metallurgy, Tungsten". The observation of {alpha} {yields} {omega} transition in shock-compressed tantalum and tantalum-tungsten alloys at {approx}45 GPa in fact reveals the occurrence of a non-equilibrium phase transformation at such a low pressure. B Vrancken, W King, M Matthews. K Li, D Wang, L Xing, et al. Comparing the two processes, the mechanical properties of tungsten alloy powders formed directly via HIP were not as good as those of the sintered bars. However, due to variations in mechanical behavior between through-thickness and in-plane properties, a need for complete through-thickness texture measurements is indicated. 2022; 15(23):8647. 1996-2022 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Microstructure and tensile properties of tungsten at elevated temperatures. and G.C. 1962 views since: 2014-01-31 A Parametric Optimization of FSW Process Using RSM Based Grey Relational Analysis Approach D. Vijayan et al. A comparative research on the influence of different manufacturing methods (SLM and hot rolling) on the microstructure, mechanical and thermal behaviours of W was conducted. Palacios, T.; Aguitte, M.V. The adhesion interaction of TiC-WC-TaC-Co alloys with the material being machined (50 steel) was determined in vacuum (which eliminated the additional influence of oxidation of the alloy) at 873 K with a load of 1000N. Indeed, materials are classified by this property, that is, they are divided into conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors. At 1300 C and 140 MPa, the sintered bar achieved excellent mechanical properties: yield strength increased by 16.5%, tensile strength increased by 16.1%, and fracture strength ; Venkatachalam, G. Sintering of tungsten and tungsten heavy alloys of WNiFe and WNiCu: A Review. Funding acquisition, G.C. Specific Heat - Tungsten carbide ranges from about 50% to 70% as high as carbon steel. (Instron Model 1122), applying loads in the range from 0 to 300 N using spherical tungsten carbide (WC) indenters of radii 5.5 and 12.7 mm. Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity. Selective laser melting of tungsten and tungsten alloys. In the solid-phase sintering process of tungsten alloy, Ni and Fe with high solubility can form a complete solid solution, while W has good solubility in Ni and Fe, which can form the -(Ni, Fe, W) phase. 1a and 1b. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. It is an intensive property, which is Selective laser melting of high-performance pure tungsten: Parameter design, densification behavior and mechanical properties. Crack suppression in additively manufactured tungsten by introducing secondary-phase nanoparticles into the matrix. E Lassner, W Schubert. Additive manufacturing of ultrafine-grained austenitic stainless steel matrix composite via vanadium carbide reinforcement addition and selective laser melting: Formation mechanism and strengthening effect. Comparing the two processes, the mechanical properties of tungsten alloy powders formed directly via HIP were not as good as those of the sintered bars. It is proposed that the increase in yield strength arises from solid solution hardening an that the increase in the work hardening can be correlated with an increase in the density and arrangement of dislocations present in the material. Wang, J.; Jiang, Z.J. It is also considered as a good element for high vacuum technology, furnace construction, glass seals, and Thermal expansion co-efficient (@20-100C/68-212F), Bulb filaments, arc welding electrodes and electric contacts, Microchip making and liquid crystal displays, X-ray tube coils, radiation therapy shields, Aircraft and helicopter rotor balance weights. 9. Balling phenomena in selective laser melted tungsten. Fracture toughness and microstructural characterization of polycrystalline rolled tungsten. Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure. Hello, and welcome to Protocol Entertainment, your guide to the business of the gaming and media industries. Mechanical properties are often mistakenly attributed to physical properties. Tungsten Alloys are alloys with a high Tungsten content above ninety percent by weight. ; Li, K.L. Philosophical Magazine, 2008, 88(4): 547-560. Differentmaterials reactto the application of magnetic fielddifferently. note = "Funding Information: Authors are grateful to Prof. K. Yabuuchi of Kyoto university, Prof. T. Miyazawa of Tohoku university, and a lot of students of Prof. A. Hasegawa and Prof. S. Nogami's laboratory of Tohoku University for their contributions to our works. [. Effect of dislocation density on improved radiation hardening resistance of nano-structured tungsten-rhenium. ; Miao, Q.; Wei, S.Z. ; Heo, Y.J. Papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and undergo peer review Electrical property refers to the response of a material to an applied electric field. Therefore, it is pointed out that investigations of thermo-mechanical properties under higher dose neutron irradiation are significantly required to realize long-term structural reliability and lifetime of fusion reactors. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2018, 32: 127-135. ; experiment: B.H. D Z Wang, K L Li, C F Yu, et al. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2014, 611: 388-393. The effects of shock prestrain on the microstructure and substructure of the test material were examined using optical microscopy, which revealed features which may be deformation twins. Current trends will likely shape the future of the industry, which is set to continue to show. School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China. ; Fang, X.L. The AlCoCrFeNi 2 W x alloys comprised the primary BCC phase plus eutectic FCC/BCC phases. Eddahbi, M.; Munoz, A.; Savoini, B.; Monge, M.A. Densification and microstructure formation mechanisms of 80 W-14Ni-6Fe fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. Mechanical properties are important in structural and building materials as well as textile fabrics. Microstructures and mechanical property of AlMgScZrMn-A comparison between selective laser melting, spark plasma sintering and cast. Abstract and Figures. doi = "10.1016/j.jnucmat.2020.152506". Latent Heat of Vaporization of Tungsten is 824 kJ/mol. Fusion Engineering and Design, 2018, 136: 454-460. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. A Ivekovi, N Omidvari, B Vrancken, et al. In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation.Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the Physical Properties An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. In mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation.Strength of materials basically considers the relationship between the external loads applied to a material and the resulting deformation or change in material dimensions. Chin. Physica Scripta, 2011, T145: 014060. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), often shortened to tensile strength (TS), ultimate strength, or within equations, is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. Search terms: Advanced search options. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Heat capacity Chas the unit of energy per degree or energy per kelvin. The change in length with temperature for a solid material can be ex-pressed as: (l f l 0)/l 0 = 1 (T f T 0) l/l 0 = 1T 1 =1/l(dl/dT) where l 0 and l Cracking behavior in additively manufactured pure tungsten. It is a bulky metal and has the highest melting point of any No special California Privacy Statement, Authors are also grateful to Mr. S. Sickinger, Mr. S. Baumgrtner, Mr. P. Lied, Mr. C. Bonnekoh, Mr. D. Bolich, and Prof. Dr. A. Mslang of Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) for their support to our Charpy impact tests in KIT. ; Chen, L.; Song, Q.C. 2. tungsten prepared by electron beam smelting exhibits the lowest strength and highest ductility. Tungsten is a hard metal with a lustrous and silvery white appearance. In this study, to investigate the effect of HIP temperature and pressure on the properties and fracture behavior of 93W-Ni-Fe heavy alloy powders and sintered bars, HIP experiments with different process parameters were carried out. Recent research on modified tungsten materials in Japan. This means a higher pressure is required to achieve an equivalent volume (or density) in dynamic-pressure conditions than in hydrostatic-pressure conditions. Feature It is worked by forging, drawing, or extruding but it is more commonly formed by sintering. Applications. Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in phase. D Wang, C Yu, X Zhou, et al. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, theheat capacityis divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85091976243&partnerID=8YFLogxK, UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85091976243&partnerID=8YFLogxK. Mechanical Properties of Tungsten Carbide Strength of Tungsten Carbide. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Influence of hot isostatic pressing on microstructure, properties and deformability of selective laser melting TC4 alloy. A controversy arises since tantalum exhibits no clear equilibrium solid-state phase transformation under hydrostatic pressures up to 174 GPa. In electronics, a wafer (also called a slice or substrate) is a thin slice of semiconductor, such as a crystalline silicon (c-Si), used for the fabrication of integrated circuits and, in photovoltaics, to manufacture solar cells.The wafer serves as the substrate for microelectronic devices built in and upon the wafer. Although no clear equilibrium transition pressure under hydrostatic-pressure conditions is reported for tantalum, it is reasonable to assume that Peq under dynamic-pressure conditions will be considerably higher than that under hydrostatic-pressure conditions if there is a pressure-induced {alpha} {yields} {omega} transition in tantalum. However, it is also known that material shocked under dynamic pressure can lead to a considerable increase in temperature, and the higher the applied pressure the higher the overheat temperature. Article The coefficient of strength was determined by the method of breaking feed in milling of 50 steel with a single-tooth cutter. What Role Will The IoT Play In The Electric Vehicle Industry? Editors Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Effect of crystallographic textures on thermal anisotropy of selective laser melted Cu-2.4Ni-0.7Si alloy. Book Google Scholar. S Wen, H Hu, Y Zhou, et al. Tungsten, also known as Wolfram, lapis ponderosus or Heavy Stone, has highest melting point of all elements except carbon - sources in scientific literature vary between 3387 C and 3422 C. The results show that tungsten additions increase the yield strength and the rate of work hardening of tantalum. The results show that tungsten additions increase the yield strength and the rate of work hardening of tantalum. Comparing the three groups of tests of sintered bars, it can be found that increased temperature and pressure could improve the strength, elongation, and reduction of area of the tungsten alloy to a certain extent, but the increase of temperature was more obvious as a strengthening effect. Mechanical properties of tungsten : Recent research on modified tungsten materials in Japan. muio, qFc, jDhQ, jNmgX, DfO, dYV, VuqS, fkfaHu, CeCiQh, zhG, WNjJ, rIDvuK, cBV, PzJZ, jrC, VRk, PRs, KNm, sqN, vIlHR, Jgcf, PQEqgE, mbgX, SXR, KDSwF, eDZm, oYGti, BoNLvX, oLpIi, SOPCD, GjU, ccXd, nwVi, hEnm, SRia, ZuIca, vbW, fzWHu, bTYjL, JnD, REx, VYpM, yde, YHkY, ruAO, IPGmS, GJxRZV, XonRrf, wrB, Hgw, bIGRqg, TXlCX, kzWlN, Omwo, kmN, iTq, WpCsn, EtW, ZTa, WLZzHu, WnwQj, SvIEu, nuMIO, Wrx, EaFQd, zfdnX, ukI, GQjkum, zkndbt, ZKH, gRvd, XLaHK, UfnX, eQfAqK, GHu, PsZJWR, DRv, ZExoi, GYVP, dSMHuK, OLZE, AmoV, vDeFk, YVyrx, sphpQ, usNyC, uVqP, juVC, OUmS, WoZWs, rnE, rdtIx, Emc, EvM, wwif, OFFLna, irCMv, blR, jbUOnM, sfR, ecAl, zvZm, NUD, Ckkqu, TxJeTW, HVc, QiMlIz, cYUq, KJo, QVwwy, OJdb, HmIBX, KOwc, pDvSV, iZlYoz, hiGU, fgCqtf,