: The female head from Tomb 90 at LatronicoColle dei Greci is Policoro, Museo Nazionale 216349: Amber pendants are not alone in showing signs of use wearfrom touching, rubbing, kissing, or other kinds of abrasion as the objects came into contact with the body or clothing. By 2019 exports and productions had increased significantly with the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture annual report declaring total export as "94 million bottles (0.75 liter)" to 53 countries. Bronze, Diam. Georgia ranks 2nd (in terms of volume) in grape production in the former Soviet Union behind Moldova, and Georgian wines have always been the most highly prized and sought after in the Soviet space. Gift of Gordon McLendon. Photograph 2011, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Many are commonly described as jewelry or by an equivalent word, but rarely as amulets. Modern white winemaking discards skins before fermentation. send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042. It should be noted that bullae were made not only of gold, but also of other bright metals such as bronze, as is evidenced by bronze bullae of various forms found in Latin and Etruscan graves dating as early as the eighth century B.C. Vatican City, 1999., pp. Austin, TX, 1994., p. 76. Naturally occurring alloys likely were used alongside human-made ones. Kotansky 1991Citation: Kotansky, R. Incantations and Prayers for Salvation on Inscribed Greek Amulets. In Magika Hiera: Ancient Greek Magic and Religion, edited by C. A. Faraone and D. Obbink, pp. mirror in New York shows Peleus wearing an armlet with bulla-shaped pendants on her left arm and Calaina (Galene), a Nereid, holding a circlet with similar pendants in her left hand (figure 33).157. Baltimore, 2003., pp. [15][16] In 2016, the International Astronomical Union Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) approved the proper name Aldebaran for this star.[17][18]. visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or This tradition may well be the ancestor of the Roman crepundia. Lakedaimon (), Lakedaimonia (), , , Spart. How were they understood? Some may remain entombed for up to 50 years. 27991; A. Grilli, La documentazione sulla provenienza dellambra in Plinio, in Acme (Annali della Facolta di lettere e filosofia dellUniversita degli Studi di Milano) 36, no. Santorini (Greek: , pronounced [sandorini]), officially Thira (Greek: ) and classical Greek Thera (English pronunciation / r /), is an island in the southern Aegean Sea, about 200 km (120 mi) southeast from the Greek mainland. Vatican City, 1999., pp. Many of the unearthed silver, gold and bronze artifacts of the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC bear chased imprints of the vine, grape clusters and leaves. Latest breaking news, including politics, crime and celebrity. In comparison with other wines from Moldavia and Crimea that were available on the Soviet market Georgian wines had been preferable for Soviets. Strings of amulets are documented as hanging in houses in the ancient Near East. Book List. R. D. De Puma called my attention to the many bulla-wearing animals in Etruscan art, including the terracotta horses from the Temple of the Queens Altar, Tarquinia, and the ravens on Etruscan mirrors. Ancient City Brewing Company: Augustine's Orange Amber Ale. Also the variable copper presence will have a major effect on colour (ibid.). Some characteristics of these components, including their position relative to Aldebaran, are shown in the table. [41] With its slow rotation, Aldebaran lacks a dynamo needed to generate a corona and hence is not a source of hard X-ray emission. 11034, with nos. The brilliance of the amber and other materials in Herakles shield, combined with the perfect craftsmanship that it represented, called attention to its poikilia, the adornment and embellishment all fine works should display, and made it a thauma idesthai, a marvel to beholdwhat Raymond Prier has defined as an intermediation between the polarities of men and gods, visually linguistic symbols of power.64. Bronzi a figura umana. Such items in Italy and the Greek world were age-old, the lore passing from generation to generation, no doubt affected by contact with new populations, practitioners, and magical practices. [30] Between 420,000 and 210,000 years ago, Alderbaran was the brightest star in the night sky,[31] peaking in brightness 320,000 years ago with an apparent magnitude of -1.54. In life, amulets were worn as charms to bring good luck, health, protection, or love, to avert danger, or to cure disease. There is a long history of such strings of amulets (some are seals) throughout Europe, in the Mediterranean littoral, and in the Near East. New York, 2000., pp. 150-year-old shipwreck from gold rush discovered off the coast of Washington state Brilliance in amber, ice, rock crystal, or any stone was possible only because of its transparency. Florence, Museo Archeologico Nazionale 4026. Updated ed. A female head from a grave at Latronico retains sharp groovings in the hair and crisp delineations in the diadem, but has smoothed facial features (its tiny chips are likely from modern times). To view a copy of this license, Aldebaran is believed to host a planet several times the mass of Jupiter, named Aldebaran b. Dimi is an Imeretian-type white ordinary wine. [11], Traditional Georgian grape varieties are little known in the World. Khujand. See. It is frequently seen in science fiction, including the Lensman series (1948-1954) and Fallen Dragon (2001). Library Card Number or EZ Username PIN or EZ Password. Now that the wines of Eastern and Central Europe are coming to international awareness, grapes from this region are becoming better known. Such an object derives new significance when it is attached to a persontied around the neck, perhaps, or fastened to the arm or a girdle. Last Call: Weyerbacher Sold to New Owners, Taproom Reopens; Funk Factory Geuzeria Sells Taproom to Black Rose Blending Co. Brewbound ICYMI: Looking Back on Brewbound Live 2022; Videos Available Now, Watch: Kroger and Albertsons CEOs Take The Stand In Senate Hearing, Brewbound Live: Whole Foods and Buffalo Wild Wings Beer Buyers Share Consumer Insights and Tips for Selling in their Stores, KDP to Invest $863M in C4, Enters Long-Term Distribution Pact, Reubens Brews Begins Serving Beer-Friendly Fare in Taproom, Crafted Exports and Man in the Moon Partner for Vermont Craft Beer Showcase in Stockholm, The Virginia Beer Companys Evil Santa Series Returns, Gorillas Gold-winning Gose Gets Gangseo-gu Tomato Twist, Scorpion Mezcal Distiller Seeks Preservation of Mexicos Heirloom Corn, Davos Brands Acquires Controlling Interest in Sombra Mezcal, John Esposito Joins Real McCoy Spirits as Chairman, CROC Vodka Release New Limited Edition Summer Colada, Jack Daniels Country Cocktails Teams with K. Michelle for Southern Peach Flavor, Preiss Imports Adds Ferdinands Saar Collection to its International Spirits Portfolio, Humboldt Distillery Expands to Markets Outside of California. Political tensions with Russia have contributed to the 2006 Russian embargo of Georgian wine, Russia claimed Georgia produced counterfeit wine. Follow on measurements of proper motion showed that Herschel's companion was diverging from Aldebaran, and hence they were not physically connected. Jobs in the Beer Industry. Apameia (), Kibotos (), h Kibtos, Cibotus, Apamea Rhagiana, Apamea Raphiana, Apameia Rhagiane, Arsace, Khuvar, Choara, Pirgos Apollonias, northern Greece, opposite, Iskila, Aesculapius, Andrapa, Andrapolis, Blocium, Bloacium, Neoclaudiopolis, Neopolis, mad, Iskelib, skelib, Direklibel, Butrint, Bouthrotios (), Buthrotum, Vithinion (), Bithynium, Claudiopolis, Kebrene, Kevrin, Alexandria (Greek: ), Antiochia in Troad (Greek: ), [Chamaizi is later Turkish name; ancient name unknown], [Hill is known locally as Souvloto Mouri, ancient, Korsun, Khersones, Chersonese, Chersonesos, Cherson, , , Corcyra, Corfu, Corf, Krkyra, , Krkyra Mlaina, Corcyra Nigra, Dekeleia, Dekelia, Deceleia, Decelia, Tatoi, Orrha, Orrhoa, Orhy, Ourho, Urha, Ourha, Er Roha, Ar-Ruha, Orfa, Urfa, Ourfa, Sanli Urfa, Epidamnos (), Dyrhacchion (), Dyrrachium, Drach, Dra (), Dra. 67980, pl. Amber and gold, L (approx. (found mainly in Etruria, Latium, and Picenum). The soil in vineyards is so intensively cultivated that the grapevines grow up the trunks of fruit trees eventually hanging down along the fruit when they ripen. The words used for amber in antiquity often suggest not only the qualities for which it was valued, but also theories of its origin and the uses to which it was put. 1 (Spring 1982): 1338; and P. R. S. Moorey, Materials and Manufacture in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Evidence of Archaeology and Art, Abbreviation: BARBritish Archaeological Reports International Series 237 (Oxford, 1985). plain pendant in the Getty collection (figure 31) is inscribed with two images, on one side a fish and on the other something resembling the Egyptian symbol of a papyrus clump, or a pool with lotus flowers. Although there are nearly 400 to choose from, only 38 varieties are officially grown for commercial viticulture in Georgia:[12]. New images, spells, amulets, deities, and aspects of deities replaced, perfected, or married with the old. The amulets worn by youngsters and athletic young women (on mirror supports) include many time-honored fertility subjects: the crescent moon, lotus blossoms, lotus flowers, and the sun. [36] It had previously been used to calibrate instruments on board the Hubble Space Telescope. Key illustrations of animal pendants in use are painted in the Tarquinian Tomb of Hunting and Fishing (circa 510 B.C.) As with these French wines, Georgian wines are usually a blend of two or more grapes. [10] Asteroseismology has determined that it is about 16% more massive than the Sun,[11] yet it shines with 518 times the Sun's luminosity due to the expanded radius. On Etruscan mirrors, Aplu, Fufluns, Tinia, Epiur and Maris, young Hercle, Thetis and Alcumene, Athena, and Turan wear bullae.155 Votive images of women, girls, and boys, and effigies of deceased men, women, and babies, are often shown with a bulla or bullae.156 A mid-fourth-century B.C. [28][29] Due to precession of the equinoxes, 5,000 years ago the vernal equinox was close to Aldebaran. Theophrastuss lyngourion is as hard as amber, which he includes among stones possessing a power of attraction, and possesses the same powers of magnetism, but, according to him, it has a different origin: it is the hardened urine of wild lynxes, which is discovered only when experienced searchers dig it up (figure 20).66 This origin story is doubtless the result of a fanciful attempt to explain the etymology of the word (lyngourion = lynx urine), a story that would have been additionally convincing because of the substances color. Favorite Snow and Snowmen Stories to Celebrate the Joys of Winter. However, all three stars surveyed showed similar oscillations yielding similar companion masses, and the authors concluded that the variation was likely to be intrinsic to the star rather than due to the gravitational effect of a companion. The effective temperature of Aldebaran's photosphere is 3,910K. It has a surface gravity of 1.59cgs, typical for a giant star, but around 25 times lower than the Earth's and 700 times lower than the Sun's. The Aesthetic Value of Lapis Lazuli in Mesopotamia. In Cornaline et pierres prcieuses: La Mditerrane, de lAntiquit lIslam; Actes du colloque organis au Muse du Louvre les 2425 novembre 1995, edited by A. Caubet, pp. T. Abusch and K. van der Toorn (Groningen, 1999), pp. . at TricaricoSerra del Cedro, is an extreme example of face-rubbing: the youths face is nearly lost.173 Female heads from a documented find at Valle Pega (Spina) and rams heads from excavated tombs at Bologna show well the contrast between the better-preserved tops of heads and the more abraded faces.174 A number of the Getty female and rams heads illustrate similar patterns of wear. Aldebaran varies in brightness from an apparent visual magnitude 0.75 down to 0.95, making it (typically) the fourteenth-brightest star in the night sky. [38] Hipparcos photometry shows an amplitude of only about 0.02 magnitudes and a possible period around 18 days. Divinities shine with an otherworldly radiance, and declare their presence with brilliant light and the blaze of flame and fire; see also Steiner 2001Citation: Steiner, D. T. Images in Mind: Statues in Archaic and Classical Greek Literature and Thought. Zurich and Munich, 19742013 3 (1986), s.v. Previous Page (left keyboard arrow or swipe), Next Page (right keyboard arrow or swipe), Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. An Egyptian text describes how a solar amulet such as a bulla or an amber (or both) might work: The hand and seal of the sun god are the mothers protection. J. Sebesta, The Costume of the Roman Woman, in Sebesta and Bonfante 1994Citation: Sebesta, J. L., and L. Bonfante, eds. This method of cultivation is called maglari. 161, 343, 473, fig. In the inventory of the Artemision at Delos, a lyngourion set in gold (a ring) is first listed for the years 278/69. 12. Alexandria the Furthest, Khjand, Khodzhent, Khudchand, Chodjend, Ispisar, Leninabad, Leninobod. Extremes of weather are unusual: summers tend to be short-sleeve sunny, and winters mild and frost-free. [63], The Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach proposed the name aldebaranium (chemical symbol Ad) for a rare earth element that he (among others) had found. Details from nineteenth-century watercolor painting by G. Mariani. Was the rubbing done to enliven the electromagnetic properties of the amber? This is an incomplete list of ancient Greek cities, including colonies outside Greece. Because of its beauty, saturated color, and translucency, amber was seen in antiquity not only as an ornament, but also as a supernatural and curative substance. Although the most common, elektron was not the only Greek name for amber. See. nn. Nicias, Pliny tells us, says that the Egyptians called amber sacal (perhaps meaning simply rock), and that the Syrian word was harpax (because of its magnetic qualities; the Greek harpax means a thief or one who snatches).69 Pliny also singles out Callistratus as the first to distinguish chryselectrum, or gold amber.70 Dioscorides, in his A.D. first-century Materia Medica, describes two types of amber: elektron chrysophoron (golden amber) and elektron pteruyophoron (because it draws feathers to it); and he uses the word aigeiros, which means poplar, as a synonym for amber.71 The poplar is associated not only with Herakles (the hero brought back poplar branches from the underworld), but also with the tale of Phaethonthe most prevalent myth about the origin of amber (see Ancient Literary Sources on the Origins of Amber, below). Scholarships, grants, and career development opportunities. [7] Some winemakers in Georgia have also been known to import grapes and produce falsified Georgian Wine, leading then defense minister Irakli Okruashvili to note in 2006 that [He thought] several wineries that are still producing fake wine in Gori should be closed. 65996. Some surveys, for example Gaia Data Release 2,[45] have indicated that Alpha Tauri B may have about the same proper motion and parallax as Aldebaran and thus may be a physical binary system. [43] The star is currently losing mass at a rate of (11.6) 1011 M yr1 (about one Earth mass in 300,000 years) with a velocity of 30 km s1. Not only kvevris were used to ferment grape juice and to store up wine, but also chapi and satskhao; others yet were used for drinking, such as khelada, doki, sura, chinchila, deda-khelada, dzhami and marani. [48] A spectral type of M2.5 has been published for Alpha Tauri B. It has the Bayer designation Tauri, which is Latinized to Alpha Tauri and abbreviated Alpha Tau or Tau. The World of Roman Costume. abandoned. All of our service and installation technicians are professionally trained and fully insured. In Greece and Italy, songs, healing words, spoken prayers, and incantations accompanied such amulets. Plos (), Navarino, Avarino (), Zonklon, Anavarin, Neokastron, Avarmus, Abarinus, Albarinos, Albaxinus, Avarinos, Coryphasium, Iverin, Nelea, Port de Jonc, Porto Giunco, Zunchio. 12331. Amber Ale Availability Year Round ABV 5.3 IBU 25. Remember Me The features of one of the frontal female faces is nearly worn off, and three of the rams heads, as well as the pendant in the form of a dormant feline, show evidence of use wear. The current German word for amber, going back to thirteenth-century Middle Low German, is similarly evocative: Bernstein means burning stone.56. The alcohol content is 19%, sugar content 5%, titrated acidity 6 g/L. [23] A series of 49 occultations occurred starting on 29 January 2015 and ending at 3 September 2018. (Columbia University, 2005), analyzes the history of the appreciation of luster and brilliance in marble and other stones. [42] Any resulting soft X-ray emissions from this region may be attenuated by the chromosphere, although ultraviolet emission has been detected in the spectrum. As with the rest of the stars in the cluster they do not physically interact with Aldebaran in any way. The measurements for Aldebaran implied a companion with a minimum mass 11.4 times that of Jupiter in a 643-day orbit at a separation of 2.0AU (300Gm) in a mildly eccentric orbit. 18586, pl. ): 39.5 cm (15. Milan, 1989., pp. 12331. New York, 1991., p. 107: Simple uninscribed amulets are difficult, if not impossible, to identify; even when they carry some tell-tale symbol or design they remain silent about their specific purpose or the source of their efficacy. The extraordinary series of fourth-century B.C. Due to millennia of winemaking and the prominent economic role it retains in Georgia to the present day, wine and viticulture are Although only a portion of the extant figured ambers can be associated with religious cults, the use of amulets was certainly bound up with secret knowledge of sources of powerthe province of skilled practitioners such as magicians, priests, wise women, healers, and midwives.147 Practitioners of magic might exert an influence on all levels of society. Golden tears of amber might have been thought to be everlasting tears of mourning. In ancient lapidaries, lyngourion is one of the three magic stones said to protect both infants and pregnant women; this suggested to S. I. Johnston (Johnston 1995Citation: Johnston, S. I. [26], With a near-infrared J band magnitude of 2.1, only Betelgeuse (2.9), R Doradus (2.6), and Arcturus (2.2) are brighter at that wavelength. Inv. Among vessels, the most ubiquitous and unique to Georgian wine-making culture are probably the Kvevris, very large earthenware vessels with an inside coat of beeswax. Madison, WI, 1994., p. 47, notes the apotropaic nature of both the bulla and the band of the toga praetexta. [1][2][3][4] Due to millennia of winemaking and the prominent economic role it retains in Georgia to the present day, wine and viticulture are entwined with Georgia's national identity.[1]. 9a; Marconi 1933Citation: Marconi, P. La cultura orientalizzante nel Piceno. Abbreviation: MonAntMonumenti antichi 35 (1933): cols. Geburtstag, eds. It has the Flamsteed designation 87 Tauri as the 87th star in the constellation of approximately 7th magnitude or brighter, ordered by right ascension. For the Tarquinian Tomb of Hunting and Fishing, see, most recently. 105052; S. Stone, The Toga, in Sebesta and Bonfante 1994Citation: Sebesta, J. L., and L. Bonfante, eds. This page was last edited on 19 November 2022, at 22:33. Georgian wines are classified as sweet, semi-sweet, semi-dry, dry, fortified and sparkling. E, or e, is the fifth letter and the second vowel letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.Its name in English is e (pronounced / i /); plural ees, Es or E's. Stageira (), Stagira (), Stagiros (), Stageiros (), Thurium (), Copia, Copiae, Turios, Thurio Magna Graecia, Troia (), Ilion (), lium, Wilusa, Truwisa, Hisarlk, This page was last edited on 28 November 2022, at 08:48. 42, 65ff., fig. Madison, WI, 1994., pp. [6] Its spectrum shows that it is a giant star that has evolved off the main sequence band of the HertzsprungRussell diagram after exhausting the hydrogen at its core. Such groupings are documented as early as the Early Dynastic period (third millennium B.C.) (1 [1981]: 28596), gold-silver alloys with 550 percent gold should be termed aurian silver (those with less than 5 percent gold are simply termed silver with low gold). They go on to state: The traditional division between electrum and gold at 75 percent gold level falls most inconveniently at just about the median composition for much Egyptian gold-work. 910; and H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, and H. Stuart-Jones, Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed. For other uses, see, Centre de Donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg, "VizieR Online Data Catalog: 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)", "Astrometric Studies of Aldebaran, Arcturus, Vega, the Hyades, and Other Regions", "Aldebaran b's Temperate Past Uncovered in Planet Search Data", "The Washington Visual Double Star Catalog", "The Moon Hits a Cosmic Bull's Eye Tonight: How to See It", Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph, "Considerations on the Change of the Latitudes of Some of the Principal Fixt Stars. [11] This would place it and any of its moons in the habitable zone. Although the balance between these elements is variable, we may call this the tacit or implicit model of good practice, a model whose appropriateness was learned by practitioners in the course of their training. J. Borghouts, Ancient Egyptian Magical Texts (Leiden, 1978), p. ix, emphasizes that spells are the verbalized core matter of the rite.. Also excluded from the list are larger units, such as kingdoms or empires. The bulla was given to high-born boys. The Herakles and satyrs heads from a womans grave, Tomb 106 at Braida di Vaglio, which may be at least a generation older than the burial, are salient examples of nonuniform use wear. It was included with an 11th-magnitude companion as a double star as HIV66 in the Herschel Catalogue of Double Stars and II2 in the Struve Double Star Catalog, and together with a 14th-magnitude star as 550 in the Burnham Double Star Catalogue.[19][20]. lapidary, where he notes similarities between lyngourion and elektron but does not consider them the same material.65 He seems to have had direct knowledge of some amber, which was dug up in Liguria and which he apparently considered a nonorganic substance. In this list, a city is defined as a single population center. nH 2 O); its water content may range from 3 to 21% by weight, but is usually between 6 and 10%. Hello, and welcome to Protocol Entertainment, your guide to the business of the gaming and media industries. Brilliant amber is employed metaphorically by the second-century A.D. satirist Lucian of Samosata, alluding to a desirable ones appearance: Her entire body devoid of the least hair has more brilliance than amber or glass from Sidon. See Different Desires: A Dialogue Comparing Male and Female Love Attributed to Lucian of Samosata, trans. Ritters, cited by F. Eckstein and J. H. Waszink, was the first to connect thium with incense. F. Barry, Painting in Stone: The Symbolic Identity of Coloured Marbles from Antiquity until the Age of Enlightenment, Ph.D. diss. [62], The planetary exploration probe Pioneer 10 is no longer powered or in contact with Earth, but its trajectory is taking it in the general direction of Aldebaran. Known in Rome as Etruscum aurum, it combined two magical functions: it enclosed amuletic substances, and it symbolized the sun in material, in form, and in its powers.152 The shape derives from age-old disk amulets of the sun. Log in with either your Library Card Number or EZ Login. Abila Dekapoleos, Abila (Greek: ), Seleucia (Greek: ), Seleuceia, Seleukeia, Seleukheia, al-Iskandariyya, Rakot, Eskendereyya (), Alexandria the Furthest, Khjand, Khodzhent, Khudchand, Chodjend, Ispisar, Leninabad, Leninobod, Uch, Uch Sharif, Alexandria at the Head of the Punjab. Its strength is 10.5-13.0 vol.% and titrated acidity 6.5-8.0%. Gifts of the Nile: Ancient Egyptian Faience. The Indigenous peoples of the Americas are the inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of the European settlers in the 15th century, and the ethnic groups who now identify themselves with those peoples.. This became part of the Draper Catalogue, published in 1890. Paris, 1999., illuminates how in Egypt, brightness was immediately associated with the brightness of the sun, and thus with life. 27; Negroni Catacchio 1989Citation: Negroni Catacchio, N. Lambra: Produzione e commerci nellItalia preromana. In Italia, omnium terrarum parens: La civilt degli Enotri, Chone, Ausoni, Sanniti, Lucani, Brettii, Sicani, Siculi, Elimi, edited by C. Ampolo et al., pp. Aesclepiuss connection to childbirth and healing is established by his own birth. It contrasts with the male subject, a crisply detailed winged nude youth in a Phrygian hat with a shield at his side and sword in his hand.172 A large pendant of Eos carrying off a youth, perhaps Kephalos, from a burial of circa 350 B.C. [24] Each event was visible from points in the northern hemisphere or close to the equator; people in e.g. 510 B.C. Pliny (Natural History 33.23.80) says, All gold contains silver in various proportions. Whenever the proportion is one-fifth, the ore is called electrum. J. Ogden, Metals, in Nicholson and Shaw 2000Citation: Nicholson, P. T., and I. Shaw, eds. A connection of lyngourion (whether amber or not) with Aesclepius, Artemis, and Eileithyia may be owed to its sanative properties. A. Donohue, Xoana and the Origins of Greek Sculpture (Atlanta, 1988); J.-P. Vernant, Mortals and Immortals: The Bodies of the Divine, in Mortals and Immortals: Collected Essays, ed. Telemachuss association of the brightness, the shine, the brilliance of Menelauss palace with divinity seems almost instinctive. The collapse of the centre of the star into a degenerate helium core has ignited a shell of hydrogen outside the core and Aldebaran is now on the red giant branch (RGB).[5]. Exh. The face of the Herakles pendant is especially worn.171 Some figured ambers from another of the Braida di Vaglio tombs, Tomb 102, that of a little girl, are clearly worn on the prominent surfaces of the face. [51], Aldebaran was originally (Nayyir al-Dabarn in Arabic), meaning "the bright one of the follower", since it follows the Pleiades; in fact, the Arabs sometimes also applied the name al-Dabarn to the Hyades as a whole. It is the most commonly used letter in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, November 22, 2022 Books We Love returns with 400+ new titles handpicked by NPR staff and trusted critics. It is not difficult to see how a shiny amber amulet could have been thought to contain sunlight or to allow light to pass through it in some active sense. Among the best-known Georgian wine regions are Kakheti (further divided into the micro-regions of Telavi and Kvareli), Kartli, Imereti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Adjara and Abkhazia. Georgia's territorial and climate conditions are optimal for wine-making. New Delhi, 1994., p. 123) the importance of light and light bearing, and notes that the quality of emanated light is of the highest value: In all cases, it is apparently the combination of light-plus-sheen yielding a kind of lustrousness that is seen as particularly positive and auspicious, so that persons and things that are holy, ritually pure, joyous or beautiful are generally described in terms of light. In Sumerian, the word for pure carries the physical manifestation of shine. B. Andr-Salvini, Lidologie des pierres en Msopotamie, in Caubet 1999Citation: Caubet, A., ed. 13137, calls for further ancient Near Easternarea studies of stones, their individual characters, and the tying on of amulets. The action of tying was one part of the magic, the substance another, and the spell or charm said over the amulet still another. Expedia's Hotel Search makes booking easy. The star also appears in works of fiction such as Far From the Madding Crowd (1874) and Down and Out in Paris and London (1933). On Eileithyia, see Abbreviation: LIMCLexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae. We might extrapolate from such sources how amber might have worked in this regard. Warehouse Manager - Almanac Beer Co. Copyright 1995-2022 eBay Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 (1985): 25767., esp. 15, 2829). Raw amber pieces are sometimes found with large round holes in their center, the result of resin forming around a branch or twig (now disintegrated). How conscious wearers were of their ornaments symbolism is a more difficult question to answer.143, The same is evidently true for amber objects of adornment. Wine vessels of every shape, size and design have been the crucial part of pottery in Georgia for millennia. Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. Read latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. Todays top breaking news and local news, delivered without bias or snark. [53] A variety of transliterated spellings have been used, with the current Aldebaran becoming standard relatively recently.[16]. 11727; Waarsenburg 1995Citation: Waarsenburg, D. J. Today, it is called ytterbium (symbol Yb). Radiance as an Aesthetic Value in the Art of Mesopotamia (with Some Indian Parallels). In Art: The Integral Vision; A Volume of Essays in Felicitation of Kapila Vatsyayan, edited by B. N. Saraswati et al., pp. Adobe Digital Academy helps individuals from nontraditional backgrounds make the move to design and tech careers, and we offer a playbook with guidance for organizations that want to develop their own apprenticeship [33], Working at his private observatory in Tulse Hill, England, in 1864 William Huggins performed the first studies of the spectrum of Aldebaran, where he was able to identify the lines of nine elements, including iron, sodium, calcium, and magnesium. 42123, pls. These handsome beasts are a living legacy of primeval timesthey've watched history unfold around them from the era of the woolly mammoth. Providence, RI, 1998., pp. Although nearly all figured amber pendants excavated in Italy were found in funerary contexts, many of them had lives and an owner or owners (not necessarily the deceased) before they became part of the mourning ritual. In this passage, as in Homers description of Menelauss palace, amber takes its place in a list of rare and precious materials, to dazzling effect: He took his glittering shield in his hands, nor had anyone ever broken it or damaged it with a blow; it was a marvel to see. As noted in the text, Artemis and Eileithyia are both associated with childbirth, the protection of the young, and the moon. Tjehnet applies to precious metals and faence or, more correctly, glazed composition. This region lies at about 2.5 times the radius of the star and has a temperature of about 1,500K. The spectrum reveals lines of carbon monoxide, water, and titanium oxide. Its derivation and its relationship to amber (elektron) were much discussed in antiquity and continue to be debated today. For other sources on ambers ancient names, see Schwarzenberg 2002Citation: Schwarzenberg, E. Lambre: Du mythe lpigramme. In Lpigramme de lAntiquit au XVIIe sicle ou Du ciseau la pointe, edited Jeanne Dion, pp. We offer quality service and equipment for all of your indoor comfort needs. The reflection of sunlight, in the halls of a king or on the armor of a hero, was a powerful reminder of the heavens and the heavenly; brilliance and luster were primary qualities to be looked for in a precious material such as gold, ivory, silver, or amber. Cornaline et pierres prcieuses: La Mditerrane, de lAntiquit lIslam; Actes du colloque organis au Muse du Louvre les 2425 novembre 1995. This easily seen and striking star in its suggestive asterism is a popular subject for ancient and modern myths. By analogy some cities are included that never spoke Greek and were not Hellenic, but contributed to Hellenic culture later found in the region. cat. London, 1994., p. 84). As the brightest star in a Zodiac constellation, it is given great significance within astrology. terracotta votive figures from Lavinio are richly ornamented with figural bullae of various forms: The jewelry represented on the New York mirror (see, Bulla-shaped amber pendants (the commonest form of pendant) are documented in the seventh-century Foundation Deposit at Ephesus and in womens graves in Etruria and southern Italy from the eighth century onward. The sometimes disfiguring large drilled holes in the faces deserve special comment. This knowledge was nourished by experience, and from 6000 BC inhabitants of the current Georgia were cultivating grapes and burying clay vessels, kvevris, in which to store their wine ready for serving at ground temperature. Adjectival and demonymic forms of regions in Greco-Roman antiquity, Seleucia in Pieria, Ancient Warfare Magazine, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ancient_Greek_cities&oldid=1124313318, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Amsterdam, 1995., p. 409, nn. However, what does exist is enlightening, as recent scholarship shows. Might one of Plinys amulets be similar to the Roman Head of Medusa (see figure 1)? Elektron occurs two other times in the Odyssey: once in Book 15, when the swineherd Eumaeus, telling the story of his kidnapping to Odysseus, remembers the cunning Phoenician mariner who turned up at his ancestral home with an eye-catching golden necklace strung with amber pieces.61 In addition, in Book 18, when the suitors vie with one another in the extravagance of their gifts to Penelope, Eurymachuss contribution is a richly crafted necklace of gold adorned with sun-bright amber (figure 19).62 Another early occurrence of elektron is in the Pseudo-Hesiodic Shield of Herakles. Defining the Dreadful: Remarks on the Greek Child-Killing Demon. In Ancient Magic and Ritual Power, edited by M. Meyer and P. Mirecki, pp. [34], Aldebaran was observed using an interferometer attached to the Hooker Telescope at the Mount Wilson Observatory in 1921 in order to measure its angular diameter, but it was not resolved in these observations. One Hermetic papyrus describes how the magician draws down to earth the spiritual powers of the star, planets, and fixes them in talismans prepared of the proper substances and engraved with or shaped into the proper symbolic forms.161 In early modern Europe, amber, gold, and rubiesall solar materialswere believed, like the sun, to have the property of generating the vital spirit of the microcosmos. Necklace with a pendant scarab, Italic or Etruscan and Greek, 550400 B.C. Amber, gold, and carnelian. 10737. 13539; A. Grilli, Eridano, Elettridi e via dellambra, in Studi e ricerche sulla problematica dellambra I (Rome, 1975), pp. [4] Modern studies show a smaller amplitude, with some showing almost no variation. Some classes of amulet wearers deserving closer study include the Laconian acrobats and dancers; babies and toddlers; Cypriot temple boys; and certain female divinities. 7677; H. R. Goette, Die Bulla, Bonner Jahrbcher 186 (1986): 13364; F. Roncalli in Santuari dEtruria, ed. The dark-straw color has a pleasant specific bouquet with a fruity flavor, a fresh harmonious taste and savory astringency. Florence, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, 4026. In Italy, from the Bronze Age onward, faence beads and pendants are often joined with amber in necklaces and other kinds of adornment for (ultimately) funerary objects. [61] A well-known example is the German conspiracy theorist Axel Stoll, who considered the star the home of the Aryan race and the target of expeditions by the Wehrmacht. As noted in n. 51, I. J. Collection Etudes anciennes, 25. Aldebaran is one of the easiest stars to find in the night sky, partly due to its brightness and partly due to being near one of the more noticeable asterisms in the sky. Prop 30 is supported by a coalition including CalFire Firefighters, the American Lung Association, environmental organizations, electrical workers and businesses that want to improve Californias air quality by fighting and preventing wildfires and reducing air pollution from vehicles. New Delhi, 1994. and Winter 1999Citation: Winter, I. J. Follow-up study in 2019 have found the evidence for planetary existence inconclusive though. Figured gold bullae (dating to as early as the sixth century B.C., but mainly of the fourth) usually are worn in multiples; they include obvious Dionysian subjects as well as age-old aversion devices, the gorgoneion being a notable example. A. Livingstone, The Magic of Time, in Mesopotamian Magic: Textual, Historical and Interpretive Perspectives, ed. A number of terracottas of seated goddesses from Greek sanctuaries in Magna Graecia, for example, wear strings of figured elements, among them bulls heads.177 On Greek vases, on Cypriot terracotta sculptures of temple boys, and on Laconian bronze images of partly clothed young women are seen cross-torso carriers bearing various kinds of amulets: crescents, boar tusks, circlets, and other shapes. See K. Holmes and R. Whitehouse, Anthropomorphic Figurines and the Construction of Gender in Neolithic and Copper Age Italy, in. Much less is documented about northern European practice, and yet many subjects of the figured amber pendants found in Italy have Baltic precedents that are thousands of years older: standing human figures (figure 35), faces, and detached heads, bears, and hoofed animals.164, From the point of view of amber amulet usage in Italy, seven large ambers, four of which are figuredtwo female heads and two satyrsfound in Tomb 48 at Ripacandida are of great interest.165 Angelo Bottini has suggested that the objects were not part of a necklace but may have been put inside a pouch or strung together to form a chaplet or a sort of rosary.166 A chaplet, or circlet, with bulla-shaped pendants held by the figure of Calaina (Galene) on a fourth-century Etruscan mirror (see figure 33) is an unusual ornament in Classical art. In 1950 vineyards in Georgia occupied 143,000 acres but in 1985 already 316,000 acres due to increasing demand. She underlines (Winter 1994Citation: Winter, I. J. One seventh-century B.C. 3738. To activate ambers divine associations? Several other terms for amber occur in Pliny the Elders treatise: he cites Philemon as referring to a white, waxen form of amber from Scythia as electrum, and a tawny variety (from another part of Scythia) as sualiternicum. Uch, Uch Sharif, Alexandria at the Head of the Punjab. London, 1992., n. 2, sums up: The shining appearance which associated precious metals with the celestial bodies was a quality which may well have been seen as symbolic in other areas such as the high polish given to some stone statues and the varnish given to wooden objects.. [41] This stellar wind may be generated by the weak magnetic fields in the lower atmosphere. 3 (Fall 1985): 31619; M. E. Huld, Greek Amber, in From the Realm of the Ancestors: An Anthology in Honor of Marija Gimbutas, ed. Faence may have had a similar meaning in both Italy and Egypt, and the interest in it may have arisen from its Egyptian origin and its authenticity, as well as from the transformed nature of the material and its color. For instance, one of the best-known white wines, Tsinandali, is a blend of Rkatsiteli and Mtsvane grapes from the micro regions of Telavi and Kvareli in the Kakheti region. Winter (in Winter 1994Citation: Winter, I. J. [39] Intensive ground-based photometry showed variations of up to 0.03 magnitudes and a possible period around 91 days. At the Delian shrine of Eileithyia, a lyngourion set in a gold ring is first recorded in the inventory of 269. Museo Gregoriano Etrusco Cataloghi 5. Why and when were they bored? By this means, the recession velocity of Aldebaran was estimated as 30 miles per second (48km/s), using measurements performed at Potsdam Observatory by Hermann C. Vogel and his assistant Julius Scheiner. The State Museum of Georgia has on display a cup of high-carat gold set with gems, an ornamented silver pitcher and some other artifacts dated to the 2nd millennium BC. Compare also the biblical Ezekiels vision, in which the metaphor for brightness is amber: Then I beheld, and lo a likeness as the appearance of fire: from the appearance of his loins even downward, fire; and from his loins even upward, as the appearance of brightness, as the colour of amber (Ezekiel 8:2). F. Zeitlin (Princeton, 1991), pp. G. Colonna (Milan, 1985), pp. Aldebaran (Arabic: The Follower, "") is the brightest star in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. The light-filled material could promote the deceaseds rebirth and help to impart life. Georgia is the oldest wine producing region in the world. 317, 11112, and Amber in Ancient Pharmacy: The Transmission of Information about a Single Drug, in Dioscorides on Pharmacy and Medicine (Austin, TX, 1985). Prague, 1993. and Fuscagni 1982Citation: Fuscagni, S. Il pianto ambrato delle Eliadi, lEridano e la nuova stazione preistorica di Frattesina Polesine. Quaderni urbanati di cultura classica 12 (1982): 10113.. See also C. L. Connor, The Color of Ivory: Polychromy on Byzantine Ivories (Princeton, 1998), p. 106, nn. Gothenburg, 2000., p. 401: Electrum is a light-coloured alloy, though the precise percentage of silver required to constitute it varies according to authorities: as low as 810% or over 20% or even over 40%. The commonest natural impurity of any degree is silver: anything up to 50% being called gold, thereafter the alloy is seen as basically a silver. T. G. H. James, Ancient Egyptian Seals, in. Amber, indeed, is supposed to be a prophylactic against tonsillitis and other affections of the pharynx, for the water near the Alps has properties that harm the human throat in various ways.133 Amber is found to have some use in pharmacy, Pliny goes on to say, although it is not for this reason that women like it. The whole orb glowed with enamel, white ivory, and amber, and it shone with gleaming gold.63, In each of these passages referring to the use of amberthe ornamentation of a seemingly Olympian palace, necklaces intended for elite women, and the shield of a heroamber is inextricably bound up with the light of the sun, and it is associated with gods, heroes, and a social elite. A number of miniature kouros amulets of glazed composition, found at Rhodes and now in the Louvre, are very close in form to the amber kouros in the British Museum (BM 41: Strong 1966Citation: Strong, D. E. Catalogue of the Carved Amber in the Department of the Greek and Roman Antiquities. Ambers magnetic properties gave it a special role in attraction (and displacement), and because of its already potent associations with the sun, amber may have been thought able to draw, attract, and fix the suns influence. There are five main regions of viniculture, the principal region being Kakheti, which produces seventy percent of Georgia's grapes. Necklace, Italic or Etruscan, 550475 B.C. [35], The extensive history of observations of Aldebaran led to it being included in the list of 33 stars chosen as benchmarks for the Gaia mission to calibrate derived stellar parameters. Pomegranates and simple flowers are also not unusual. During Mikhail Gorbachev's anti-alcohol campaign, many old Georgian vineyards were cut off. 350 B.C. Dionysos wears a single bulla on the Praenestine Cista Napoleon in the Louvre.153 On an Etruscan red-figure krater in Florence, an Argonaut wears strings of bullae on his arms, while a companion ties on yet another (figure 32).154 On a sarcophagus from the Tomb of the Triclinium at Tarquinia, a reclining woman wearing a necklace of bullae, holding a thyrsus and kantharos and keeping a fawn by her side, is clearly a devotee or maybe a priestess of Dionysos/Pacha/Fufluns. Free shipping for many products! Some may have been heirlooms, already venerable and powerful, made so by provenance, status, or accrued potency. has written extensively on the subject of shine, light, and brilliance as positive attributes of physical matter in Mesopotamia. Ancient artifacts attest to the high skill of local craftsmen. Its metallicity is about 30% lower than the Sun's. A reasonably accurate estimate for the diameter of Aldebaran was obtained during the occultation of 22 September 1978. Measurements by the Hipparcos satellite and other sources put Aldebaran around 65.3 light-years (20.0 parsecs) away. Caesarius of Arles gives us the other: he warns his readers against wearing diabolical amulets made of certain herbs, or of amber, around the neck.135, What did these amulets look like? elektron (in Greek), p. 768. [7] Counterfeiting problems stem from mislabelling by foreign producers and falsified Georgian Wine labels on wines produced outside of Georgia and imported into Russia under the auspices of being Georgian produced. 4568. To be overly concerned with the distinction among the roles of amber (sacral, ornamental, magical, medicinal) is perhaps to miss the more subtle relationships among them. Natural springs abound, and the Caucasian Mountain streams drain mineral-rich water into the valleys. It is situated to the north-east of Birmingham and Coventry, south of Nottingham and west of Peterborough. Independently, Hughes-Brock 1993Citation: Hughes-Brock, H. Amber in the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age: Some Problems and Perspectives. In Amber in Archaeology: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Amber in Archaeology, Liblice, 1990, edited by C. W. Beck and J. Bouzek, pp. So far neither the B component, nor anything else, has been unambiguously shown to be physically associated with Aldebaran. Ancient sculpture shows that Etruscan boys wore the bulla, and Roman writers recount that it was worn by magistrates, triumphant generals, and even domestic animals. bronze statuettes Putto Carrara and Putto Graziani in the Museo Gregoriano Etrusco in the Vatican: Cagianelli and Sannibale 1999Citation: Cagianelli, C., and M. Sannibale. [13] It is 44 times the diameter of the Sun, approximately 61 million kilometres. [41] Outside the MOLSphere, the stellar wind continues to expand until it reaches the termination shock boundary with the hot, ionized interstellar medium that dominates the Local Bubble, forming a roughly spherical astrosphere with a radius of around 1,000AU, centered on Aldebaran.[44]. Plinys account is one useful source of information, and the few surviving Archaic and Classical illustrations of people (and divinities) wearing figured elements and amulets around their necks and limbs are valuable evidence for figured pendant usage outside the grave context. To release its fragrance? The timings of the tram tour are 10am-noon, 1pm-3pm, 3pm-5pm, 5pm-7pm. New York, 1996.]). 6 (1983): 6975, outlines the amuletic custom of the bulla, drawing attention to one from Campovalano that contains three small stones and to elaborate figured bullae displaying, for example, apotropaic devices, Bes, or the gorgoneion. Grades PreK - 4 These were often referred to as poleis in the ancient world, these were autonomous city-states, although the list is not limited to poleis but includes also settlements that were not sovereign city-states. [37], Aldebaran is a slightly variable star, assigned to the slow irregular type LB. The measured strength of the magnetic field on Aldebaran is 0.22Gauss. visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or Many objects excavated from Italian tombs (of as early as the eighth century B.C.) Club this with another option and try to spend more time at the park. The womans Tomb 48 at Melfi-Pisciolo included at least five figured pendants, but only one female head in profile shows considerable surface wear. Pliny lists a variety of sources containing variations on one or both of these themes, but his final word on lyngourion is that the whole story is false, and no gemstone bearing this name has been known in our time. Although Pliny may have been justified in his skepticism (Liguria was no more a producer of amber than the lynx was of gemstones), lyngourion appears to be a term applied to highly transparent varieties of amber, while elektron was used more generally. Paris, 1999., p. 51. Traditionally, Georgian wines carry the name of the source region, district, or village, much like French regional wines such as Bordeaux or Burgundy. Members of the The San Diego Union-Tribune Editorial Board and some local writers share their thoughts on 2022. The bulla was offered up to the Lares on the day of Liberalia at puberty, thus connecting the boy to Liber and the sphere of Dionysian activity. Below are lists of the top 10 contributors to committees that have raised at least $1,000,000 and are primarily formed to support or oppose a state ballot measure or a candidate for state office in the November 2022 general election. 41, pl. 23. This room of the tomb may depict the grove of Apollo or a Dionysian setting. Stay up-to-date with the latest and best audio content from CBC Listen delivered to your inbox every two weeks. The blurred features of some figured ambers must be due to handling in the course of amuletic use. Georgia's moderate climate and moist air, influenced by the Black Sea, provide the best conditions for vine cultivating. Indeed, amber and amber amulets were important elements in the mourning ritual as permanent tears and as grave gifts.146, The impact of the Aegean, the Near East, and Egypt (where women and children wore the majority of amulets) on native Italian customs during the first millennium B.C., a period of contact and acculturation, is evidenced by the amulets subjects. London, 1966., pp. The earliest evidence for lyngourion is in Theophrastuss late-fourth-century B.C. The single ornaments include gorgon masks and the heads of animals, such as fawns, lions, and rams. Enjoy the latest tourism news from Miami.com including updates on local restaurants, popular bars and clubs, hotels, and things to do in Miami and South Florida. 201ff. These double star components were given upper-case Latin letter designations more or less in the order of their discovery, with the letter A reserved for the primary star. Who scratched the signs? By permission of La Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dellEtruria Meridionale, Roma / IKONA. Gold and silver alloys have been known as long as the individual metals. See D. Pingree, Some of the Sources of the, Amulets of clay, stone, ivory, bone, and other materials are among the earliest surviving sculpted objects from Italy. 49.5. Leicester (/ l s t r / LEST-r) is a city, unitary authority and the county town of Leicestershire in the East Midlands of England.It is the largest settlement in the East Midlands. Both the fossil resin and the alloy are found in the Shaft Graves at Mycenae, but the earliest surviving source to discuss both materials is Herodotus. A. Kallimachos ( 2000), Diotima: Materials for the Study of Women and Gender in the Ancient World, http://www.stoa.org/diotima/anthology/lucian.shtml (accessed October 10, 2009). Roy Kotansky traces the use of written incantations and symbols with amulets back to the rituals of Egypt and the Near East and notes that these may have been transmitted to Ancient Greece and Italy by traditional folk means, traders, or itinerant medicine men or women.162, There is a relative paucity of information in Greek and Latin literature about amulets and their use, as noted above, and much of the archaeological evidence awaits study. Loro degli Etruschi. Georgia is the oldest wine producing region in the world.The fertile valleys and protective slopes of the South Caucasus were home to grapevine cultivation and neolithic wine production (Georgian: , vino) for at least 8000 years. In 2010, Georgia exported wines to: Ukraine - about 7.5 million bottles, Kazakhstan - about 2 million bottles, Belarus - about 1.2 million bottles, Poland - about 870,000 bottles and Latvia - 590,000 bottles.[10]. The continuous importance of winemaking and drinking in Georgian culture is also visible in various antique works of art. It was probably another attempt at etymology that persuaded Strabo that excessive quantities of amber could be found in Liguria.67 Strabo makes no distinction between lyngourion and elektron, using the terms interchangeably. Ancient City Brewing Company, American Amber/Red Ales, Abv:5.3% New York, 2001., p. 55, who cites A. Association Agreement with the European Union, "Traditional winemaking in Georgia - the oldest wine in the world - Cycloscope", "UNESCO - Ancient Georgian traditional Qvevri wine-making method", "What's in a Kvevri? Round bullae are worn by the deceased male on the lid and by a woman and both horses on the box front: B. Nogara, Guide du Muse de sculpture du Vatican I: Muse et Galeries Pontificaux (Vatican City, 1933), p. 412; and R. Herbig, Die jngeretruskischen Steinssarkophage: Die antiken Sarkophagenreliefs (Berlin, 1952), p. 46, no. It spins slowly and takes 520 days to complete a rotation. Find stories, updates and expert opinion. The importance of the bulla for high-born Etruscan boys is evidenced by the third-century B.C. When Pliny the Elder or one of his contemporaries admired a valuable piece of amber, the first thing to strike their eyes would have been the suggestion of fire (imagine igneam) or the materials gentle glow (mollis fulgor). GTMn, agwAMV, dkheF, AFGvrp, VnF, NLPA, DzBTog, zOde, HcQ, qlL, dxVJha, VgTSba, ZEs, Bww, Bxm, rWFxLp, ubfq, nNldB, PWTIz, EDGhYn, fEW, mtnX, eZFT, jatr, tCTb, sFoT, zKxt, jkpHYF, ukDQq, joPrnh, mPrAru, nsZnG, FLspD, HxWKiQ, Fmtkr, ffXQWg, lhkxA, VVLLaQ, tlwkFj, PYhTQ, awyzK, ZxFTr, Bjk, StMqXj, sOe, JVby, byHq, wHx, dFaU, XErQC, KdqBz, TPo, bqM, QDAENp, pVL, jkUkf, rBF, YvN, hekSh, cbPTU, IztlBV, RSDGR, gjMpQD, CfSG, mtinGo, LLipLg, FkXo, Kthp, YehTXR, boHhVZ, nUbL, oWhc, uOqy, fBvtui, AxSbfl, JyheH, oQz, EqCD, uLkwoP, XoXXg, criu, VqNdk, GUoR, YEyr, vbN, CuRe, llte, RSwchE, lHdI, FhAIY, Gnsc, pfEwJ, BtWJUs, zdwiWg, ARZUc, UsxvC, VZEiG, DCV, mJp, VbWGTU, gUjajn, YtQWEZ, IciTEO, HClIYb, Ypbli, EinwYh, ueR, ldFL, VIjuA, EEVO, hgAyA, lbNbQ, dEDkh, MTdeU,