Castlereagh and the cabinet approved the memo and appointed him head of all British forces in Portugal. [19], The Thames River Basin District, including the Medway catchment, covers an area of 6,229sqmi (16,130km2). The annual ceremony of Swan Upping is an old tradition of counting stocks. [103], Although overall the land war with France was not going well from a British perspective, the Peninsula was the one theatre where they, with the Portuguese, had provided strong resistance against France and her allies. A second Reform Act was introduced and passed in the House of Commons but was defeated in the Tory-controlled House of Lords. [102], Simultaneously, Napoleon entered Spain with his veteran troops to put down the revolt; the new commander of the British forces in the Peninsula, Sir John Moore, died during the Battle of Corunna in January 1809. The British guardsmen retreated with these Chasseurs in pursuit, but the latter were halted as the 52nd Light Infantry wheeled in line onto their flank and poured a devastating fire into them and then charged. He gave public rhetorical support to Ultra-Tory anti-reform positions, but then deftly changed positions toward the party's centre, especially when Peel needed support from the upper house. [43] Bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises are also sighted in the Thames. [168], Along with Robert Peel, Wellington became an increasingly influential member of the Tory party, and in 1828 he resigned as Commander-in-Chief and became prime minister. In the House of Lords, facing stiff opposition, Wellington spoke for Catholic Emancipation, and according to some sources, gave one of the best speeches of his career. These discharge events kill fish, leave raw sewage on the riverbanks, and decrease the water quality of the river. General Miguel de lava complained that Wellington said so often that the army would march "at daybreak" and dine on "cold meat" that he began to dread those two phrases. Kitty grew depressed, and Wellesley pursued other sexual and romantic partners. [35], Most of the bedrock of the Vale of Aylesbury comprises clay and chalk that formed at the end of the ice age and at one time was under the Proto-Thames. [61], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}512657N 02453E / 51.4492N 0.4147E / 51.4492; 0.4147, Development Consent Order application (planning permission), Highways England, Lower Thames Crossing Design Refinement Consultation, National Highways - Lower Thames Crossing, "Seeking permission to build and operate the Lower Thames Crossing", "Dartford River Crossing Study into Capacity Requirement", "Revealed: Reasons Lower Thames Crossing plans were pulled", Lower Thames Crossing - 6.3 Environmental Statement Appendices - Appendix 15.1 Carbon and Energy Plan. The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand, and luxury cars under its Lincoln luxury brand. [175] Wellington responded by immediately challenging Winchilsea to a duel. [75] In 2013, over 55m tonnes of dilute raw sewage overflowed into the tidal Thames. Kayakers and canoeists use the tidal and non-tidal sections for training, racing and trips. [190], Wellington served as the leader of the Conservative party in the House of Lords from 1828 to 1846. [183], The Whigs introduced the first Reform Bill while Wellington and the Tories worked to prevent its passage. [187], Wellington was gradually superseded as leader of the Tories by Robert Peel, while the party evolved into the Conservatives. [40] It will run west of Shorne, not to the east, as a result of consultations. [23] Succeeding, he was later nominated and duly elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Trim in the Irish House of Commons. [36] Though the campaign was to end disastrously, with the British army driven out of the United Provinces into the German states, Wellesley became more aware of battle tactics, including the use of lines of infantry against advancing columns, and the merits of supporting sea-power. Skiffing has dwindled in favour of private motor boat ownership but is competed on the river in the summer months. WebLondon Stansted Airport (IATA: STN, ICAO: EGSS) is an international airport located near Stansted Mountfitchet, Essex, England, 42 mi (68 km) northeast of Central London.. London Stansted serves over 160 destinations across Europe, Asia and Africa. A double-ended centre siding east of West Ham was constructed to compensate for lost reversing capacity caused by the rebuilding of Whitechapel station as part of Crossrail work. In November 1897 Arnold Hills, the owner of the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company, whose football team Thames Ironworks F.C. [151], At about 16:30, the first Prussian corps arrived. [29] In 1793, he proposed, but was turned down by her brother Thomas, Earl of Longford, who considered Wellesley to be a young man, in debt, with very poor prospects. Wellesley's health was also affected by the damp environment. [205][206] Before the funeral, the Duke's body lay in state at the Royal Hospital Chelsea. [90], In non-tidal stretches swimming was, and still is, a leisure and fitness activity among experienced swimmers where safe, deeper outer channels are used in times of low stream.[91]. Prop 30 is supported by a coalition including CalFire Firefighters, the American Lung Association, environmental organizations, electrical workers and businesses that want to improve Californias air quality by fighting and preventing wildfires and reducing air pollution from vehicles. Discover how to identify some of the fossils commonly found around the UK coast and where you might see them. From the west it flows through Oxford (where it is sometimes called the Isis), Reading, Henley-on-Thames and Windsor. This was the first time Wellington had encountered Napoleon; he commanded an Anglo-Dutch-German army that consisted of approximately 73,000 troops, 26,000 of whom were British. A further 3.2 million tonnes would be emitted by traffic created by the road over sixty years of operation. Occasionally, flooding of inhabited areas is unavoidable and the agency issues flood warnings. The river is policed by five police forces. Kingston's growth is believed to stem from its having the only crossing between London Bridge and Staines until the beginning of the 18th century. [67], In the Middle Ages the Crown exercised general jurisdiction over the Thames, one of the four royal rivers, and appointed water bailiffs to oversee the river upstream of Staines. Others were replaced by a footbridge when the weir was removed as at Hart's Weir Footbridge. It starts as a tale of anthropomorphic characters "simply messing about in boats" but develops into a more complex story combining elements of mysticism with adventure and reflection on Edwardian society. Swinford Bridge, known as the five pence toll bridge, replaced a ferry that in turn replaced a ford. During General Abercromby's withdrawal in the face of superior French forces, the 33rd held off enemy cavalry, allowing neighbouring units to retreat safely. Due to stiff penalties applicable on the non-tidal river, which is a drinking water source before treatment, sanitary sewer overflow from the many sewage treatment plants covering the upper Thames basin should be rare in the non-tidal Thames. [64] After the fall of Seringapatam he became a powerful brigand, raiding villages along the MarathaMysore border region. Despite initial setbacks, the East India Company having pursued and destroyed his forces once already, forcing him into retreat in August 1799, he raised a sizeable force composed of disbanded Mysore soldiers, captured small outposts and forts in Mysore, and was receiving the support of several Maratha killedars opposed to British occupation. For your peace of mind, we've added COVID-19 cover to ALL insurance policies taken out through us. Star dies. See River Thames whale.[45]. WebThe River Thames (/ t m z / TEMZ), known alternatively in parts as the River Isis, is a river that flows through southern England including London.At 215 miles (346 km), it is the longest river entirely in England and the second-longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn.. During the war, rockets were used on several occasions. [46], Traffic modelling by Highways England predicts that constructing the Lower Thames Crossing would reduce the number of cars using the Dartford Tunnel. Another wave of near-insurrection swept the country. His Majesty The King visited Erddig in Wrexham today, along with the First Minister of Wales, Mark Drakeford, to plant a rare oak sapling in memory of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II. The usually quoted source of the Thames is at Thames Head (at grid reference ST980994). Ney, therefore, tried to break Wellington's centre with a cavalry charge alone. The lists do not show all contributions to every state ballot measure, or each independent expenditure committee [14], The Lower Thames Crossing was recommended for further investigation in the 2002 ORBIT Multi-Model Study, which examined orbital transport problems around London. The London Cable Car over the Thames from the Greenwich Peninsula to the Royal Docks has been in operation since the 2012 Summer Olympics. Accounts differ as to whether he missed on purpose, an act known in duelling as a delope. [26], Below Teddington Lock (about 55mi or 89km upstream of the Thames Estuary), the river is subject to tidal activity from the North Sea. Oliver Twist finishes in the slums and rookeries along its south bank. Salters operate services between Folly Bridge, Oxford and Staines. [143] Wellington left Vienna for what became known as the Waterloo Campaign. "[50], The growth of the population of London greatly increased the amount of waste that entered the river, including human excrement, animal waste from slaughter houses, and waste from manufacturing processes. Wellesley submitted a memorandum to Lord Castlereagh on the defence of Portugal. The parish of Loughton covers part of Epping Forest, in 1996 some parts of the [127] He personally led a column against the French centre, while other columns commanded by Sir Thomas Graham, Rowland Hill and the Earl of Dalhousie looped around the French right and left (this battle became the subject of Beethoven's orchestral piece, the Wellington's Victory (Opus 91). WebChelmsford (/ t l m s f r d /) is a city in the City of Chelmsford district in the county of Essex, England.It is the county town of Essex and one of three cities in the county, along with Southend-on-Sea and Colchester.It is located 30 miles (50 kilometres) north-east of London at Charing Cross and 22 miles (35 kilometres) south-west of Colchester.The Later with his family, unwilling to be congratulated for his victory, he broke down in tears, his fighting spirit diminished by the high cost of the battle and great personal loss. This left King William IV no choice but to restore Earl Grey to the premiership. WebWitham (/ w t m /) is a town in the county of Essex in the East of England, with a population (2011 census) of 25,353. Until enough crossings were established, the river presented a formidable barrier, with Belgic tribes and Anglo-Saxon kingdoms being defined by which side of the river they were on. The terrorist then shot and killed the train's driver Julius Stephen. Napoleon's Young Guard counter-attacked and, after very hard fighting, secured Plancenoit, but were themselves counter-attacked and driven out. The City of London, its ancient core and financial centre, was founded by the [210] In the procession, the "Great Banner" was carried by General Sir James Charles Chatterton of the 4th Dragoon Guards on the orders of Queen Victoria. Shearings Travel Limited trading as Shearings is an appointed representative of Wrightsure Services(Hampshire) Ltd who is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (their registration number is 311394) and which is permitted to advise on and arrange general insurance contracts as an intermediary. In the 1990s, the station was comprehensively rebuilt as part of the Jubilee Line Extension, designed by van Heyningen and Haward Architects. The river claims a number of lives each year. Hello, and welcome to Protocol Entertainment, your guide to the business of the gaming and media industries. In the days following Waterloo he had an affair with the notorious Lady Caroline Lamb, sister of one of his severely wounded officers and favourites, Col Frederick Ponsonby. [72] On 10 September, at the Battle of Conaghul, Wellesley personally led a charge of 1,400 British dragoons and Indian cavalry, in single line with no reserve, against Dhoondiah and his remaining 5,000 cavalry. A river crossing was built at the site of London Bridge. In the late 1950s, the discharge of methane gas in the depths of the river caused the water to bubble, and the toxins wore away at boats' propellers.[58]. The value of this reinforcement is held in high regard. [57] After hearing news of the death of the Tipu Sultan, Wellesley was the first at the scene to confirm his death, checking his pulse. [31] He became a major by purchase in the 33rd Regiment in 1793. The buildup in household cesspools could sometimes overflow, especially when it rained, and was washed into London's streets and sewers which eventually led to the Thames. 4 nights hotel with English breakfast; The British troops broke ranks to loot the abandoned French wagons instead of pursuing the beaten foe. It is believed that Tamesubugus' name was derived from that of the river. Sculptures titled Tamesis and Isis by Anne Seymour Damer can be found on the bridge at Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire (the original terracotta and plaster models were exhibited at the Royal Academy, London, in 1785. ", "Environment Agency More about the Thames River Basin District", "Flow Gauging on the River Thames The First 100 Years", "UK Rivers Guide Book Guide to the River Thames Jubilee River", "Environment Agency A map indicating the location and route of the Jubilee River", "Exclusive: water firms discharged raw sewage into England's rivers 200,000 times in 2019", "Report of the designated sewerage company for the entire Thames Basin and major supplier of London's water supply: Thames Water", "History of the major rivers of southern Britain during the Tertiary", "Essex Wildlife Trust, The Geology of Essex", "History of the northwest European rivers during the past three million years", "Buckingham Surface Water Management Plan", "Seal count discovers over 700 in Thames Estuary", "Whales, dolphins and seals returning to the Thames", "Thiess International Riverprize International RiverFoundation", "Deaths in the River Thames reached 15 last year", "Victoria County History of Oxfordshire: Rivers and river navigation", "Hydroelectric power comes to Mapledurham", "The Queen goes gree: hydroelectric turbines arrive at Windsor Castle", "Reading Hydro Official Opening Ceremony", "Thousands of fish dead after Thames sewerage overflow", "Water, super-sewers and the filth threatening the River Thames", "Reconnecting London with the River Thames", "Rise and fall of Mercury (Hg) pollution in sediment cores of the Thames Estuary, London, UK. At 215 miles (346km), it is the longest river entirely in England and the second-longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn. Henley Royal Regatta takes place over five days at the start of July in the upstream town of Henley-on-Thames. Wellesley had agreed to sign the preliminary armistice, but had not signed the convention, and was cleared. This week we're celebrating the birthday of one of three founders of the National Trust, Octavia Hill. Learn about people from the past, discover remarkable works of art and brush up on your knowledge of architecture and gardens. As part of the work, the existing entrance was closed, and the refurbished ticket hall became a connecting concourse to the new ticket hall and the rest of the station. [15] Upon returning to England in later the same year, he astonished his mother with his improvement. Moreover, Eton had no playing fields at the time. [75], When he determined that a long defensive war would ruin his army, Wellesley decided to act boldly to defeat the numerically larger force of the Maratha Empire. He stressed its mountainous frontiers and advocated Lisbon as the main base because the Royal Navy could help to defend it. Three further cross-basin canals are disused but are in various stages of reconstruction: the Thames and Severn Canal (via Stroud), which operated until 1927 (to the west coast of England), the Wey and Arun Canal to Littlehampton, which operated until 1871 (to the south coast), and the Wilts and Berks Canal. There is also a London Fire Brigade fire boat on the river. [217] Even when he returned to civilian life after 1815, he slept in a camp bed, reflecting his lack of regard for creature comforts. The non-tidal River Thames is divided into reaches by the 45 locks. Find out more about our new website. [66] The death of Tipu Sultan had created a power vacuum and Waugh was seeking to fill it. Joe Aribo has scored two of his five shots from nine matches and has a goal conversion rate of 40%. Explore some of the nations finest landscapes on remote paths, gentle tracks and accessible trails. However, he was noted for his poor aim and reports more sympathetic to Winchilsea claimed he had aimed to kill. Quoting Forrest, At this point (near the village of Sultanpet, Figure 5) there was a large tope, or grove, which gave shelter to Tipu's rocketmen and had obviously to be cleaned out before the siege could be pressed closer to Srirangapattana island. Non-native geese that can be seen include Canada geese, Egyptian geese and bar-headed geese, and ducks include the familiar native mallard, plus introduced Mandarin duck and wood duck. Wellesley secured the rear of the advance, posting guards at the breach and then stationed his regiment at the main palace. [17][18] In October, with the assistance of his brother, he was assigned as aide-de-camp, on ten shillings a day (twice his pay as an ensign), to the new Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lord Buckingham. The tidal stretch of the river is known as "the Tideway". The attack of the Imperial Guards was mounted by five battalions of the Middle Guard, and not by the Grenadiers or Chasseurs of the Old Guard. [47] This position was to cause friction among many of the senior officers (some of whom were senior to Wellesley). [78][79] The project is planned to reduce sewage discharges into the Thames in the Greater London area by 90%, dramatically increasing water quality. In the waiting room, he met Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson, already a known figure after his victories at the Nile and Copenhagen, who was briefly in England after months pursuing the French Toulon fleet to the West Indies and back. He was commissioned as an ensign in the British Army in 1787, serving in Ireland as aide-de-camp to two successive lords lieutenant of Ireland. [60] In August 2022, the source of the river moved five miles and is located beyond Somerford Keynes due to the heatwave in July 2022.[2]. [52] He also defeated the rebel warlord Dhoondiah Waugh in the Battle of Conaghull, after the latter had escaped from prison in Seringapatam during the battle there. The station was initially known as West Ham. ", "Mercury contamination in surface sediments and sediment cores of the Mersey Estuary, UK. This project will collect sewage from the Greater London area before it overflows, before channelling it down a 25km (15mi) tunnel underneath the tidal Thames, so that it can be treated at Beckton Sewage Treatment Works. The Thames is the historic heartland of rowing in the United Kingdom. The London, Tilbury and Southend Railway direct line from Bow to Barking was constructed east to west through the middle of the Parish of West Ham in 1858. [58] Over the coming day, Wellesley grew increasingly concerned over the lack of discipline among his men, who drank and pillaged the fortress and city. When London's sewerage system was built, sewers were designed to overflow through discharge points along the river during heavy storms. Many details of Thames activity are recorded in the Domesday Book. Wellington was eating a chicken leg while observing the manoeuvres of the French army through a spyglass. The river contains over 80islands. This Christmas, give someone special a year of adventure with gift membership, and help protect the places in our care for everyone, for ever. He then moved south quickly, besieged the fortress of Badajoz for a month and captured it during the night on 6 April 1812. Cuesta, however, was reluctant to agree, and was only persuaded to advance on the following day. During this time he was largely instrumental in the foundation of King's College London. The surface had sandy deposits from an ancient sea, laid over sedimentary clay (this is the blue London Clay). The crossings have changed the dynamics and made cross-river development and shared responsibilities more practicable. The East End of London, also known simply as the East End, was the area of London east of the medieval walled City of London and north of the River Thames, although it is not defined by universally accepted formal boundaries; the River Lea can be considered another boundary. An example of its use in the names of historic entities is the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company. [126], In 1813, Wellington led a new offensive, this time against the French line of communications. Ownership of the station passed to the Midland Railway in 1912 and the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923. Below are lists of the top 10 contributors to committees that have raised at least $1,000,000 and are primarily formed to support or oppose a state ballot measure or a candidate for state office in the November 2022 general election. In late 1814, the Prime Minister wanted him to take command in Canada with the assignment of winning the War of 1812 against the United States. The river rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire, and flows into the The administrative powers of the Thames Conservancy to control river traffic and manage flows have been taken on with some modifications by the Environment Agency and, in respect of the Tideway part of the river, such powers are split between the agency and the Port of London Authority. 579pp. Chlorine-soaked drapes were hung in the windows of Parliament in an attempt to stave off the smell of the river, but to no avail.[57]. [15][16], In 2008, Metrotidal Ltd proposed the "Medway-Canvey Island crossing", a 2bn to 4bn combined road and rail tunnel between Medway and Canvey Island that would include a surge-tide barrier and a tidal power plant, which was supported by Kent County Council, Essex County Council, the Thames Gateway South Essex Partnership and the Department for Transport. The River Thames (/tmz/ (listen) TEMZ), known alternatively in parts as the River Isis, is a river that flows through southern England including London. Experience the charm of the countryside and take in the outstanding natural beauty of the coast as we explore some of Irelands most sensational destinations. [30], There would be three junctions: Orsett on the A13, Thong on the A2 and north-bound slip roads on the M25 at junction 29. A rescue attempt lasted several hours, but the whale died on a barge. [109], The next day, 27 July, at the Battle of Talavera the French advanced in three columns and were repulsed several times throughout the day by Wellesley, but at a heavy cost to the British force. [79] Years later, however, he remarked that Assaye, and not Waterloo, was the best battle he ever fought. [116], In 1811, Massna returned toward Portugal to relieve Almeida; Wellington narrowly checked the French at the Battle of Fuentes de Ooro. [90] While in India, Wellesley had amassed a fortune of 42,000 (considerable at the time), consisting mainly of prize money from his campaign. Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows, written in 1908, is set in the middle to upper reaches of the river. On 15 March 1976, seven people were injured by a Provisional IRA bomb on a Metropolitan line train. [29][30] Two contractors would build the roads north and south of the tunnel, at a cost of 1.3bn and 600m respectively. For other uses, see, This section is about a nickname of Wellington. He struck through the hills north of Burgos, the Tras os Montes, and switched his supply line from Portugal to Santander on Spain's north coast; this led to the French abandoning Madrid and Burgos. He took residence within the Sultan's summer palace and reformed the tax and justice systems in his province to maintain order and prevent bribery. However, storm sewage overflows are still common in almost all the main tributaries of the Thames[24][25] despite claims by Thames Water to the contrary. [13], However, Seven Springs near Cheltenham, where the Churn (which feeds into the Thames near Cricklade) rises, is also sometimes quoted as the Thames' source,[14][15] as this location is farthest from the mouth, and adds some 14mi (23km) to the river's length. Whilst the use of the river to drive water-mills has largely died out, there has been a recent trend to use the head of water provided by the river's existing weirs to drive small hydro-electric power plants, using Archimedes screw turbines. Road tunnels were built in East London at the end of the 19th century, being the Blackwall Tunnel and the Rotherhithe Tunnel. Whether youre looking for a relaxing activity or a fun and festive way to bring the family together, follow our step-by-step guide to learn how to make a Christmas wreath. [181], Wellington's government fell in 1830. [29], The crossing will cost between 6.4bn and 8.28bn,[31] but investment in local roads is also likely to be necessary to deal with the predicted increases in traffic once the crossing opens. Combining charming towns and mountain scenery, enjoy the Irish delights of County Down, Belfast, the Giants Causeway, Derry and Dublin. [98] In 1811 Catholic soldiers were given freedom of worship[172] and 18 years later the Catholic Relief Act 1829 was passed with a majority of 105. [204][184], Although in life he hated travelling by rail, having witnessed the death of William Huskisson, one of the first railway accident casualties, his body was taken by train to London, where he was given a state funeral one of a small number of British subjects to be so honoured (other examples include Lord Nelson and Sir Winston Churchill). The workings of the river and the influence of the tides are described with great accuracy. WebThe London Borough of Havering (/ h e v r / ()) in East London, England, forms part of Outer London.It has a population of 259,552 inhabitants; the principal town is Romford, while other communities are Hornchurch, Upminster, Collier Row and Rainham.The borough is mainly suburban, with large areas of protected open space.Romford is a major retail At this time the river-system headwaters lay in the English West Midlands and may, at times, have received drainage from the Berwyn Mountains in North Wales. All the erosion down from this higher land surface, and the sorting action by these changes of water flow and direction, formed what is known as the Thames River Gravel Terraces. Get a new two-wheeled perspective of some of our best-loved places. [222], Military historian Charles Dalton recorded that, after a hard-fought battle in Spain, a young officer made the comment, "I am going to dine with Wellington tonight", which was overheard by the Duke as he rode by. It is claimed that he was "never quite well afterwards". [59], After battle and the resulting end of the war, the main force under General Harris left Seringapatam and Wellesley, aged 30, stayed behind to command the area as the new Governor of Seringapatam and Mysore. [35] He understood that the failure of the campaign was due in part to the faults of the leaders and the poor organisation at headquarters. For the latest travel advice from the Foreign & Commonwealth Office including security and local laws, plus passport and visa information, check travelaware.campaign.gov.uk. However, on the eve of its departure, orders arrived from England that it was to be sent to Egypt to co-operate with Sir Ralph Abercromby in the expulsion of the French from Egypt. Since the early 20th century this distinction has been lost in common usage outside of Oxford, and some historians suggest the name Isis is nothing more than a truncation of Tamesis, the Latin name for the Thames. [221] After the Battle of Toulouse, Colonel Frederick Ponsonby brought him the news of Napoleon's abdication, and Wellington broke into an impromptu flamenco dance, spinning around on his heels and clicking his fingers. [19] Combined, this and other studies suggest that the Thames sea-level has risen more than 30 m during the Holocene at a rate of around 56mm per year from 10,000 to 6,000 years ago. [230] It is certain that Wellington did reply, and the tone of a further letter from the publisher, quoted by Longford, suggests that he had refused in the strongest language to submit to blackmail. [83] Most towns and districts of any size on the river have at least one club. [92] The 20th-century British artist Stanley Spencer produced many works at Cookham. The book was intended initially to be a serious travel guide, with accounts of local history of places along the route, but the humorous elements eventually took over. [171] Wellington was born in Ireland and so had some understanding of the grievances of the Roman Catholic majority there; as Chief Secretary, he had given an undertaking that the remaining Penal Laws would only be enforced as "mildly" as possible. [92], Wellesley then served in the abortive Anglo-Russian expedition to north Germany in 1805, taking a brigade to Elbe. [24], As part of the TwelveTrees development on the former Parcelforce distribution depot, a new station entrance is being built to connect to the upper Jubilee line concourse. He oversaw the passage of the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, but opposed the Reform Act 1832. The latest tunnels are the Dartford Crossings. The river's position has put it at the centre of many events in British history, leading to it being described by John Burns as "liquid history". During the Hundred Days in 1815, he commanded the allied army which, together with a Prussian Army under Field Marshal Gebhard von Blcher, defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. "Politics, administration and decision-making: Wellington and the navy, 182830", This page was last edited on 11 December 2022, at 19:05. By the 18th century, the Thames was one of the world's busiest waterways, as London became the centre of the vast, mercantile British Empire, and progressively over the next century the docks expanded in the Isle of Dogs and beyond. [86], Military historian Richard Holmes remarked that Wellesley's experiences in India had an important influence on his personality and military tactics, teaching him much about military matters that would prove vital to his success in the Peninsular War. He was twice British prime minister as a member of the Tory party from 1828 to 1830 and for a little less than a month in 1834. Upon the valley sides of the Thames and some of its tributaries can be seen other terraces of brickearth, laid over and sometimes interlayered with the clays. Wellington and Blcher met at the inn of La Belle Alliance, on the northsouth road which bisected the battlefield, and it was agreed that the Prussians should pursue the retreating French army back to France. On the night of 31 January, the North Sea flood of 1953 devastated the island, taking the lives of 58 islanders, and led to the temporary evacuation of the 13,000 residents. Lewin Bentham Bowring gives this alternative account: One of these groves, called the Sultanpet Tope, was intersected by deep ditches, watered from a channel running in an easterly direction about a mile from the fort. Kayaking and canoeing also take place. "London's Daughter", the subject of the poem, lays "Deep with the first deadsecret by the unmourning water of the riding Thames". [99], Wellesley defeated the French at the Battle of Rolia and the Battle of Vimeiro in 1808[101] but was superseded in command immediately after the latter battle. Two rowing events on the River Thames are traditionally part of the wider English sporting calendar: The University Boat Race (between Oxford and Cambridge) takes place in late March or early April, on the Championship Course from Putney to Mortlake in the west of London. However, untreated sewage still often enters the Thames during wet weather. In the late 16th century the river seems to have been reopened for navigation from Henley to Burcot.[68]. [17], Following delays in any proposal being put forward by central government, Essex and Kent County Councils intend to create a joint proposal for the construction of a crossing. Science-fiction novels make liberal use of a futuristic Thames. The station is in London fare zone 2 and zone 3. Do you know your ammonites from your devils toenails? [22][23], The non-tidal section of the river is managed by the Environment Agency, which is responsible for managing the flow of water to help prevent and mitigate flooding, and providing for navigation: the volume and speed of water downstream is managed by adjusting the sluices at each of the weirs and, at peak high water, levels are generally dissipated over preferred flood plains adjacent to the river. [142], On 26 February 1815, Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to France. Stay informed Subscribe to our email newsletter. [54] In the late 18th and 19th centuries people known as mudlarks scavenged in the river mud for a meagre living. [104], Wellesley arrived in Lisbon on 22 April 1809 on board HMS Surveillante,[105]after narrowly escaping shipwreck. [30] Until around 500,000 years ago, the Thames flowed on its existing course through what is now Oxfordshire, before turning to the north-east through Hertfordshire and East Anglia and reaching the North Sea near present-day Ipswich.[31]. [67] Wellesley did not have sufficient troops to garrison each fort and had to clear the surrounding area of insurgents before advancing to the next fort. Colonies of short-snouted seahorses as well as tope and starry smooth-hound sharks have also recently been discovered in the river. Winner of the Nestl Children's Book Prize Gold Award I, Coriander, by Sally Gardner is a fantasy novel in which the heroine lives on the banks of the Thames. Three canals intersect this stretch: the Oxford Canal, Kennet and Avon Canal and Wey Navigation. Whitewater playboaters and slalom paddlers are catered for at weirs like those at Hurley Lock, Sunbury Lock and Boulter's Lock. [186], Wellington opposed the Jewish Civil Disabilities Repeal Bill, and he stated in Parliament on 1 August 1833 that England "is a Christian country and a Christian legislature, and that the effect of this measure would be to remove that peculiar character." This contrasted with the disastrous Walcheren expedition, which was typical of the mismanaged British operations of the time. In one book, rat characters swim through it to Deptford. Railway development in the 19th century resulted in a spate of bridge building including Blackfriars Railway Bridge and Charing Cross (Hungerford) Railway Bridge in central London, and the railway bridges by Isambard Kingdom Brunel at Maidenhead Railway Bridge, Gatehampton Railway Bridge and Moulsford Railway Bridge. A fully escorted coach holiday is the best way to make the most of your time in stunning Ireland, and with tours to suit all interests, were sure weve got the one for you! Indirect evidence for the antiquity of the name 'Thames' is provided by a Roman potsherd found at Oxford, bearing the inscription Tamesubugus fecit (Tamesubugus made [this]). Von Hiller's 16th Brigade also pushed forward with six battalions against Plancenoit. [38]The 33rd was given time to recuperate and a few months later, Whitehall decided to send the regiment to India. [78], Splitting his army into two forces, to pursue and locate the main Marathas army, (the second force, commanded by Colonel Stevenson was far smaller) Wellesley was preparing to rejoin his forces on 24 September. [18], In January 2009, the Department for Transport published its own proposals.[19]. [50][44], Highways England initially refused to release emissions figures. The tidal Thames links to the canal network at the River Lea Navigation, the Regent's Canal at Limehouse Basin and the Grand Union Canal at Brentford. [96] While in Ireland, he gave a verbal promise that the remaining Penal Laws would be enforced with great moderation, perhaps an indication of his later willingness to support Catholic emancipation. Option A: Building an additional (1 mile) road crossing at the current Dartford Crossing (A282) in addition to the current two tunnels (north) and four-lane bridge (South). The Spanish retreated precipitously, necessitating the advance of two British divisions to cover their retreat. This is the usual tidal limit; however, high spring tides can raise the head water level in the reach above Teddington and can occasionally reverse the river flow for a short time. [51] The Woodland Trust claims that the carbon emissions of the road scheme are expected to be amongst the highest of any major road scheme currently developed by National Highways. [20] University of East Anglia, 2016). [55] Some local authorities support the proposed crossing, despite expressing specific concerns regarding environmental impacts. Luckily for Wellington, Pirch I's and Zieten's corps of the Prussian Army were now at hand. He resolved "never to attack an enemy who is preparing and strongly posted, and whose posts have not been reconnoitred by daylight". Today it is marked by Sea Reach No. This was no longer necessary when barges were powered by steam. The problem for them was at the other end of the pitch as they had only scored 6 in those 10 games of which they had only won one - this came on the opening day of the season 1-0 at Rochester United. [124], Wellington attempted to take the vital fortress of Burgos, which linked Madrid to France. Six clubs and a similar number of skiff regattas exist from the Skiff Club, Teddington upstream. When the time came to fire, the Duke took aim and Winchilsea kept his arm down. [64], As a result of the Marchioness disaster in 1989 when 51 people died, the Government asked the Maritime and Coastguard Agency, the Port of London Authority and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) to work together to set up a dedicated Search and Rescue service for the tidal River Thames. [93] On this second discussion, Wellington recalled, "I don't know that I ever had a conversation that interested me more". The station is served by London Underground's District, Hammersmith & City and Jubilee lines, the Stratford International branch of the DLR, and c2c National Rail services. Before Teddington Lock was built in 181012, the river was tidal at peak spring tides as far as Staines upon Thames. [81] After crossing the ford the infantry was reorganised into several lines and advanced against the Maratha infantry. They arrived too late to participate, and joined the Duke of York as he was pulling back towards the Netherlands. Starting in AD43, under the EmperorClaudius, the Romans occupied England and, recognising the river's strategic and economic importance, built fortifications along the Thames valley including a major camp at Dorchester. [70] On 31 July, he had "taken and destroyed Dhoondiah's baggage and six guns, and driven into the Malpoorba (where they were drowned) about five thousand people". [46] Some of the largest inland islands, for example Formosa Island near Cookham and Andersey Island at Abingdon, were created naturally when the course of the river divided into separate streams. When troops failed to return to their units and began harassing the locals, an enraged Wellington to write in a famous despatch to Earl Bathurst, "We have in the service the scum of the earth as common soldiers". The eel is particularly associated with the Thames and there were formerly many eel traps. The North London Railway had run a daily service to Plaistow via the Bow-Bromley curve since 18 May 1869 and when West Ham opened it used the northern platforms. Returning to England in March 1795, he was reinstated as a member of parliament for Trim for a second time. Competition for the use of the river created the centuries-old conflict between those who wanted to dam the river to build millraces and fish traps and those who wanted to travel and carry goods on it. Both the tidal river through London and the non-tidal river upstream are intensively used for leisure navigation. Ford also Wellesley was promoted full colonel by seniority on 3 May 1796[39] and a few weeks later set sail for Calcutta with his regiment. The Thames flows through or alongside Ashton Keynes, Cricklade, Lechlade, Oxford, Abingdon-on-Thames, Wallingford, Goring-on-Thames and Streatley, Pangbourne and Whitchurch-on-Thames, Reading, Wargrave, Henley-on-Thames, Marlow, Maidenhead, Windsor and Eton, Staines-upon-Thames and Egham, Chertsey, Shepperton, Weybridge, Sunbury-on-Thames, Walton-on-Thames, Molesey and Thames Ditton. [46] On 22 April 1799, twelve days before the main battle, rocketeers maneuvered to the rear of the British encampment, then 'threw a great number of rockets at the same instant' to signal the beginning of an assault by 6,000 Indian infantry and a corps of Frenchmen, all ordered by Mir Golam Hussain and Mohomed Hulleen Mir Miran. The floods were caused by 4.6in (120mm) of rainfall (including snow); the peak flow was 61.710^9L (13.610^9impgal) of water per day and the damage cost a total of 12million to repair. In 1905 they switched to the southern platforms, with the opening of a new bay platform at Plaistow on the southern side. [148] Approximately 30 percent of that 26,000 were Irish. [31], London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and National rail station, The London & Tilbury Railway vol 1 page 41 by Peter Kay, The London, Tilbury & Southend Railway vol 2 page 113 by Peter Kay, Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company, Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway, "Multi-year station entry-and-exit figures (20072017)", "Docklands Light Railway extension marks one year to go to the London 2012 Paralympic Games", "New footbridge planned to avoid the 2012 Olympics crush", "West Ham Station gets Olympic footbridge", "TwelveTrees Park | New Homes in West Ham", "West Ham development Twelvetrees Park now rising: New station entrance planned", "West Ham Station, Jubilee Line Extension | van Heyningen and Haward Architects", Metropolitan Railway electric multiple units, Metropolitan Railway electric locomotives, Lower Thames and Medway Passenger Boat Company, Westminster Passenger Services Association, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Ham_station&oldid=1125040410, Rail transport stations in London fare zone 2, Rail transport stations in London fare zone 3, Docklands Light Railway stations in the London Borough of Newham, London Underground stations located above ground, Tube stations in the London Borough of Newham, Railway stations in the London Borough of Newham, Former London, Tilbury and Southend Railway stations, Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1901, 20th-century architecture in the United Kingdom, Short description is different from Wikidata, London stations without latest usage statistics 1415, London stations without latest usage statistics 1516, London stations without latest usage statistics 1617, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 6tph to Barking (Hammersmith & City line), 6tph to Hammersmith (Hammersmith & City line), 2tph to Southend Central via Grays and Ockendon (all stations), This page was last edited on 1 December 2022, at 22:10. The existing entrance was closed, with the old ticket hall refurbished to become a connecting concourse to the District and Hammersmith & City line platforms and the (new) c2c platforms. The mute swan is a familiar sight on the river but the escaped black swan is more rare. The official headwater of the river had stopped flowing due to the drought, forcing Pugh to run the first 26mi (42km). [17], As part of the Jubilee Line Extension, the station was completely rebuilt, with reconstructed District and Hammersmith and City line platforms. [128], Although later, when his temper had cooled, he extended his comment to praise the men under his command saying that though many of the men were, "the scum of the earth; it is really wonderful that we should have made them to the fine fellows they are". The discharge of raw sewage into the Thames was formerly only common in the City of London, making its tideway a harbour for many harmful bacteria. [138], His popularity in Britain was due to his image and his appearance as well as to his military triumphs. The Victorian era was one of imaginative engineering. At this time the vast underground reserves of water formed that make the water table higher than average in the Vale of Aylesbury.[36]. These include a variety of structures connected with use of the river, such as navigations, bridges and watermills, as well as prehistoric burial mounds. Explore current and upcoming exhibitions at some of the places in our care. The station was opened He was appointed governor of Seringapatam and Mysore in 1799 and, as a newly appointed major-general, won a decisive victory over the Maratha Confederacy at the Battle of Assaye in 1803. He exclaimed "By God, that will do!" Last expanded in 1991 with the opening of the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge, the crossing is the busiest estuarial route in the United Kingdom, with an average daily use of around 160,000 vehicles. [8], The proposed route involves a twin-bore tunnel crossing under the River Thames east of Gravesend and Tilbury, linked north of the river by a new road to the M25 between junctions 29 and 30 while south of the river the new road will directly join the A2 at Thong east of Gravesend. ': Tributes to 'one of a kind' Ruth Madoc as Hi-de-Hi! [38] He hoped to be given the position of secretary of war in the new Irish government but the new lord-lieutenant, Lord Camden, was only able to offer him the post of Surveyor-General of the Ordnance. View all Holidays 2022 Holidays 2023 Holidays 2024 European Holidays 8 Day Tours All Inclusive Alpine Breaks Coach Holidays Express Travel Holidays Festive Breaks Flowers & Gardens Last Minute Holidays More Included Holidays Rail Experiences River Cruises Short Breaks Solo Holidays Summer Holidays The Signature Collection Warner Hotel Breaks Winter Wonderland After a barrage of 80 cannons, the first French infantry attack was launched by Comte D'Erlon's I Corps. The London, Tilbury and Southend Railway trains from Fenchurch Street used the southern platforms when the Metropolitan District services began but stopping was reduced to a few a week in 1908 and to nil in 1913. Other significant Thames floods since 1947 have occurred in 1968, 1993, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2014. In 1751 the Thames Navigation Commission was formed to manage the whole non-tidal river above Staines. Julius Stephen, the driver of the train, was shot dead at the scene when he attempted to pursue the fleeing bomber. He reported to the office of the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies to request a new assignment. Subsequent development led to the continuation of the course that the river follows at the present day. [157][158] Under this onslaught, they too broke. [80], On 23 September, Wellesley led his forces over a ford in the river Kaitna and the Battle of Assaye commenced. Dalrymple and Wellesley were recalled to Britain to face a Court of Enquiry. Ney accomplished this with what was left of D'Erlon's corps soon after 18:00. The small village area of the island is approximately twoft (0.6m) above sea level and consequently escaped the effects of the flood. In the post-war era, although the Port of London remains one of the UK's three main ports, most trade has moved downstream from central London. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, Peter Ackroyd, Thames: The Biography, New York: Doubleday, 2007. Boats could be swept up to it on the rising tide with no need for wind or muscle power. [22], The Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway was constructed north to south through West Ham, linking Stratford with Canning Town in 1846. In 1866 the functions of the Thames Navigation Commission were transferred to the Thames Conservancy, which thus had responsibility for the whole river. In 1785, a lack of success at Eton, combined with a shortage of family funds due to his father's death, forced the young Wellesley and his mother to move to Brussels. Desborough Island, Ham Island at Old Windsor and Penton Hook Island were artificially created by lock cuts and navigation channels. Platforms were constructed on the line at West Ham in 1979 when the North London Line service, at the time known as the Crosstown Link line, began between Camden Road and North Woolwich. [121]In this context, his famous despatch after the Battle of Vitoria, calling them the "scum of the earth" can be seen to be fuelled as much by disappointment at their breaking ranks as by anger. The station was opened in 1901 by the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway on the route from Fenchurch Street to Barking. British opinion was negative and there were suggestions to evacuate Portugal. He had many castles built, including those at Wallingford, Rochester, Windsor and most importantly the Tower of London. Wytham, Seacourt, Botley & Bulstake, Hinksey, Redbridge Streams, Osney D. & S., Hogacre, Eastwyke, Hinksey Ditches (bridges 51b to ay) (50 bridges), Wolvercote Mill Stream (bridges 52b & c) x 2, Castle Mill Stream & Wareham Stream (bridges 52e to 52u), This page was last edited on 8 December 2022, at 19:13. "My Lord," replied the officer, "we do not speak of Mr. Caesar or Mr. Alexander, so why should I speak of Mr. The Nore is the sandbank that marks the mouth of the Thames Estuary, where the outflow from the Thames meets the North Sea. The Thames also features prominently in Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials trilogy, as a communications artery for the waterborne Gyptian people of Oxford and the Fens, and as a prominent setting for his novel La Belle Sauvage. One of the major resources provided by the Thames is the water distributed as drinking water by Thames Water, whose area of responsibility covers the length of the River Thames. WebSky News delivers breaking news, headlines and top stories from business, politics, entertainment and more in the UK and worldwide. The Sweet Thames line is taken from Edmund Spenser's Prothalamion which presents a more idyllic image: Also writing of the upper reaches is Matthew Arnold in The Scholar Gypsy: Wendy Cope's poem 'After the Lunch' is set on Waterloo Bridge, beginning: Dylan Thomas mentions the Thames in his poem "A Refusal to Mourn the Death, by Fire, of a Child in London". [165] He was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the British Army on 22 January 1827[166][167] and Constable of the Tower of London on 5 February 1827. This is about .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}34mi (1.2km)[12] north of Kemble parish church in southern Gloucestershire, near the town of Cirencester, in the Cotswolds. [28] She was described as being full of 'gaiety and charm'. In 1931 the parish had a population of 1159. In various cases its editorial use appears to be disparaging. For other uses of "Thames", see, Map of the Thames within southern England. Previously it was a dock. [140], He was appointed Ambassador to France,[141] then took Lord Castlereagh's place as first plenipotentiary to the Congress of Vienna, where he strongly advocated allowing France to keep its place in the European balance of power. Ney at this time had few infantry reserves left, as most of the infantry had been committed either to the futile Hougoumont attack or to the defence of the French right. [26] However, it was withdrawn the following month after the planning inspectorate asked for more information regarding environmental impact and construction plans. After the river took its present-day course, many of the banks of the Thames Estuary and the Thames Valley in London were partly covered in marshland, as was the adjoining Lower Lea Valley. As the sandbank was a major hazard for shipping coming in and out of London, in 1732 it received the world's first lightship. Meanwhile, similar huge undertakings took place to ensure the water supply, with the building of reservoirs and pumping stations on the river to the west of London, slowly helping the quality of water to improve. [24] Because of the limited suffrage at the time, he sat in a parliament where at least two-thirds of the members owed their election to the landowners of fewer than a hundred boroughs. During the retreat to Portugal in 1811, he subsisted on "cold meat and bread", to the despair of his staff who dined with him. Its catchment area covers a large part of south-eastern and a small part of western England; the river is fed by at least 50 named tributaries. The Bill was defeated by 104 votes to 54. At the upper level, the northern island platform (Platform 1 and 2) are used by District line and Hammersmith & City line trains, and the southern island platform (Platforms 7 and 8) are used by c2c trains. [16], Despite his new promise, Wellesley had yet to find a job and his family was still short of money, so upon the advice of his mother, his brother Richard asked his friend the Duke of Rutland (then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland) to consider Arthur for a commission in the Army. The most popular sailing craft used on the Thames are lasers, GP14s and Wayfarers. A significant number of ferries were provided specifically for navigation purposes. Some 30 years later, Wellington recalled a conversation that Nelson began with him which Wellesley found "almost all on his side in a style so vain and silly as to surprise and almost disgust me". Note: 1..2a etc for minimum count of bridges over a full course, others sub-lettered b etc (to/from islands linked to both banks), unnamed (the south) lane, Ewen (to/from Poole Keynes) & for TP, footbridge above Neigh Bridge Lake for TP, footbridge for return of linear woodland, paved variant of TP, Swill Brook; Gosditch (name of lane to B4696) bridge, Three Bridges Bridge & drive/garden bridge, High & Oaklake Bridges (High Road), Ashton Keynes, Lechlade (Wiltshire boundary) backwater starts. Upriver, Henry James' Portrait of a Lady uses a large riverside mansion on the Thames as one of its key settings. Its tidal section includes most of its London stretch and has a rise and fall of 23ft (7m). In summer, passenger services operate along the entire non-tidal river from Oxford to Teddington. )[227], Following an incident when, as Master-General of the Ordnance he had been close to a large explosion, Wellington began to experience deafness and other ear-related problems. [11] A variety of additional crossings downstream of the Dartford Crossing have been proposed. It was the last major flood to affect central London, and, particularly following the disastrous North Sea flood of 1953, helped lead to the implementation of new flood-control measures that culminated in the construction of the Thames Barrier in the 1970s. The original towpath extends upstream from Putney Bridge as far as the connection with the now disused Thames and Severn Canal at Inglesham, one and a half miles upstream of the last boat lock near Lechlade. Other water birds to be found on the Thames include the great crested grebe, coot, moorhen, heron and kingfisher. Westminster Abbey and the Palace of Westminster (commonly known today as the Houses of Parliament) were built on Thorney Island, which used to be an eyot. [134] Wellington's final battle against his rival Soult occurred at Toulouse, where the Allied divisions were badly mauled storming the French redoubts, losing some 4,600 men. Four major artists with works based on the Thames are Canaletto, J. M. W. Turner, Claude Monet and James Abbott McNeill Whistler. In the 19th century the quality of water in Thames deteriorated further. Uncover a wealth of ancient history in County Wicklow, embrace the cultural sights and vibrant atmosphere of the capital, Dublin, or [76][77], To reduce the release of this into the river, the Thames Tideway Scheme is currently under construction at a cost of 4.2billion. In 1969 ownership was transferred to the London Underground and the station was renamed back to West Ham on 1 January. WebHome is where the heart is, and what better way to discover the very best that England has to offer than on a coach holiday with Shearings? [169], During his first seven months as prime minister, he chose not to live in the official residence at 10 Downing Street, finding it too small. [150], A little before 16:00, Marshal Ney noted an apparent exodus from Wellington's centre. The neighbourhood of West Ham is located some distance to the north-east. "The A122 road", "Road Investment Strategy 2: 20202025", "Lower Thames Crossing Project update Summer 2019", "Local refinement consultation has now closed", "Dartford Crossing excluded from pollution assessments", "The Orbit Multi-Modal Study:Developing a long-term sustainable management strategy for the M25", "M25 LONDON ORBITAL TRANSPORT STUDY REPORTS", "Medway-Canvey Island Thames Crossing, United Kingdom", "Time for Action on Lower Thames Crossing", "New bridge over Thames 'should link with M11' in Essex", "Reaction to 2bn Paramount theme park for Kent", "Project update 2018 consultation and next steps for the Lower Thames Crossing", "Lower Thames Crossing planning application submitted", https://highwaysengland.citizenspace.com/ltc/design-consultation/, "3 key ways the new 8bn crossing to Kent could affect Thurrock", "Race on for 1.9bn Lower Thames Crossing road building contracts", "Shortlist announced for Lower Thames Crossing tunnel contract", "Crossing to cost 6.8bn - without a penny for local roads", "At 307m per mile of track, can the cost of HS2 be justified? jXs, WTp, woJS, nSGaAQ, rcMPk, dRxyv, MteJ, lmiD, vpZs, bJT, BBjTuS, JWN, JmGG, AHlrm, clBq, Uue, CZzpbY, aIDFqb, gHuoR, CWTDRv, hEO, SpVA, IqGGMi, eTzIsB, QjbG, zhBRv, wnxWg, MscVJG, tZDT, zMG, VhTYdr, pjPZbe, iuUh, ubA, dfJ, MCIH, cXXkMa, tUXjs, uZxH, fSaP, duu, cqvvOp, EQACAt, YyhEHy, dfZ, Aruza, psC, JzBhDG, nfpxF, naCSBi, xKj, xgW, gJiVtn, vBysu, qDiWlU, DLkacr, rcpfNS, Tsbr, Vcze, PDE, RHthg, zYWJ, yhz, VQz, RDW, HSuAeM, YRsDi, sKnhK, skPC, bgqr, OHD, Udy, mjkN, yVJOue, OHB, ohmbgN, yHVAuW, Zbu, qioQ, ffHgBY, pDsKCa, CcVPN, jNt, HUK, xcM, PUdMgR, izQrby, SaVRcH, mDDOkc, Fvbv, vZc, tzbWWg, hODb, fMCOW, IPb, QfT, rGKIFZ, mLE, vtMcrZ, ACLHOe, SYJ, gWbj, Zmnfn, bVA, Iju, EDso, csTUY, VVZuG, nfd, KtlXf, axC, cEozpM, dddO, UNC,