How should the Federal Reserve respond? $$ A nationality that is not represented by a state. They cover large areas, often overlapping state and provincial borders and have sizable ethnic populations. Definition. Ethnic diversity is one form of the social complexity found in most contemporary societies. Edited by Derek Gregory, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, and Sarah Whatmore, 214217. State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. They may present that identity differently in various circumstances. For example, in the United States, a Mexican-American's ethnicity might be referred to as Hispanic or Latino, which generally describes their race or ancestral language, not their ethnicity. Those attributes can include common sets of traditions, ancestry, language, history, society, culture, nation, religion, or social treatment within their residing area. By. The word ethnicity is derived from the Greek word ethnikos, referring to a heathen. "Separate but equal" remained standard doctrine in U.S. law until its repudiation in the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education. Kenya is a striking example of the problems caused by colonial policiesto identify ethnic groups and establish territorial boundaries. Application: An Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Forced assimilation was imposed in early modern times by the English conquerors, themselves an amalgam of Saxon and Norman elements, when they suppressed the native language and religion in the Celtic lands of Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. In Kenya, for example,the Nandi, Turkana, and Pokot peoples allied themselves under thename Kalenjin. Definition: Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. After World War II the rising tide of democratic aspirations among the colonial peoples of Asia and Africa led to the breakup of empires established by European conquerors, sometimes in areas of enormous ethnic complexity, without regard to ethnic considerations. Small dots in the rural countryside, usually occupying an area smaller than a county and serving as home to several hundred to several thousand people. In more recent times, a type of country called a nation-state emerged. After the Arab conquest, NorthAfrica fell to other foreign powers. Another way countries have handled ethnic diversity is pluralism, which usually includes a combination of toleration, interdependence, and separatism. The colonialpowers remolded ethnicity into a hierarchical structure of separategeographical units, each governed by a traditional ruler who served as acolonial official. Geographic Methods: Life Writing Analysis, Geographic Vulnerability to Climate Change, Geospatial Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI), GIS and Remote Sensing Applications in Geomorphology, Marine Conservation and Fisheries Management, Music, Sound, and Auditory Culture, Geographies of, Photographic and Video Methods in Geography. They pepper large areas of rural North America. According to this view, British andDutch colonists used ethnicity to make black Africans easier to divide,control, and put to work in diamond mines and other white-ownedindustries. In religious studies, an ethnic religion is a religion.Religions or beliefs are often associated with a particular ethnic group.When this happens, it becomes known as an "Ethnic religion. The Arab ethnic group, for example, is defined by shared language, religion, nationality, and race. the distribution of ethnic groups across space, on economic, political and social outcomes, are not well understood. After translating an article, all tools except font up/font down will be disabled. The need that individuals and groups have for organization of space/land for reasons primarily of security. This is similar to the Romani, who originated in northern India but have since identified with no specific ancestral homeland. Some of the ethnic groups in Europe are as follows:Indo-EuropeanTurkicFinno-UgricCaucasianBasqueSemiticMongolic It is the joining of an ethnic minority with a country where they are the majority. Some strands can be traced back to the centuries beforeEuropeans conquered Africa and ruled it as colonies. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. Turkey controlled most of North Africafor several hundred years, followed by French, British, and Italiancolonies. We hope you and your family enjoy the NEW Britannica Kids. By the mid-20th century, ethnicity was used as a way to describe group identity based on a sharing of beliefs, norms, traditions, and practices. But many peoplehave complex ties to rural cultures as well. 2d ed. Colonization was not just a temporary phase. SS( A ) is 10%, SS( B ) is 10%, and SS( AB ) is 50% of SS(Total). Those that are ethnically Scottish are bonded through similar aspects of their heritage, including Celtic language and Catholic religion. The deliberate and systematic destruction of the culture of an ethnic ethnic group, a social group or category of the population that, in a larger society, is set apart and bound together by common ties of race, language, nationality, or culture. Ethnic diversity is one form of the social complexity found in most contemporary societies. The Beja are livestock herders who live in the hilly country east of theNile River in Egypt and Sudan. An ethnic conflict can result in great violence, including civil war and even genocide (the deliberate killing of a group of people because of their ethnicity, nationality, religion, or race). Rethinking Ethnicity: Arguments and Explorations. A unifying characteristic that binds a state together, such as a common language, religion, nationality, or ethnicity. When a farmer works fields rented from a landowner and pays rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. There are often territorial ties as well, meaning that the people of the group come from a particular geographic area or that their ancestors did. We develop a Updates? In other cases, ethnicity can be built around one group's relationship with those around them, as is the case with the Kurds and Romani groups. Why. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. When France and Great Britain explored and colonized westernAfrica, their missionaries, administrators, and social scientists looked forfixed ethnic categories. An ethnic group or an ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. When two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. The deliberate and systematic destruction of the culture of an ethnic group, forced assimilation of an ethnic group. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation. In Rwanda the dominant Hutu waged a gruesomegenocidal campaign of violence against the minority Tutsi in the mid-1990s. The U.S. military was also segregated. The rest of this article discusses patterns of ethnicity and ethnicgroups of Africa by region. People of common ancestry and cultural heritage, often living as a minority in a larger society or host culture. 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(See also Boundaries inAfrica; Colonialism in Africa; Diaspora, African; Genocide andViolence; Languages; Nationalism; Neocolonialism; Tribalism; andindividual ethnic groups and countries. Spanish Muslims settled in TUNISIAbetween the 1200s and 1500s. In periods of extreme drought, the nomadic Tuareg of the westAfrican Sahara withdrew to the cities and took up trades and businesses. Shared cultural elements are typically important, because they contribute to the groups feeling of identity, solidarity, and uniqueness. The ethnic conflicts that have plaguedwestern Africa since that time are partly the result of colonialism. Assimilation theories dominated the social sciences in the United States from the 1930s through the 1960s, while strands of biological inheritance and race remained debatable within ethnic studies. Arabs outnumber Berbers in the region as a whole and within eachcountry. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Includes use of national symbols, flags, songs, emphasizing a shared culture, attitudes, and emotions. The systematic, planned mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence (group can be a religion, ethnicity, political group, etc). In each of these texts, a thorough history and evolution of ethnicity is described in the introduction. this page. Many churches offer servicesor rituals in more than one language. In many countries, small ethnic groups havemerged into larger regional bodies that compete for political power atthe national level. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? Ex: Hitler's annexation of all German-speaking areas in the 1930s. The challenge for many African countries is to balance thediversity of ethnicity with equal access to political power, wealth, opportunity,and the resources of the nation. Using literature as the medium in which to trace the history and evolution of ethnicity in America, this text provides compelling arguments as to the usefulness (or not) of this often controversial topic. Ex: France and China. More people have gone tolive and work in the cities, where different ethnic groups intermarry,share cultures, and create new styles. This system burdened poor Blacks in the South after the Civil War with high interest rates and heavy debts. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. The states and borders that the colonial powers put inplace are weakening as new social structures and new relations amongethnic groups come into existence. People belonging to the same race are said to possess inherited physical and behavioral differences (though genetic studies have shown that there is no scientific basis for dividing people into races). Ethnic Cleansing History & Examples | What is Ethnic Cleansing? Through considerably less brutal methods, the Chinese ethnic groups in Thailand and Indonesia have been legally induced to adopt the dominant culture through a process called directed acculturation.. The political function of ethnicity is more important today than ever, as a result of the spread of doctrines of freedom, self-determination, and democracy throughout the world. World History and Geography: Modern Times, Write your own definition of the term. Inancient times, the Egyptians knew the land of NUBIA as a source of richgold mines. These ethnic categories hardened in place asthe colonizers identified certain Africans as leaders and developed relationshipswith them. Today, however, everyday life is multiethnic again,especially in towns but increasingly in rural areas as well. In this precolonialperiod, cultures emerged and mixed as peoples moved about and invadedeach other's lands. Despite being a common word or concept, ethnicity is a fairly vague construct and is generally difficult to describe. The Irish and Scottish groups, on the other hand, can be differentiated by their unique history. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/ethnic-group/632490 A comprehensive and generalized text on the concept of ethnicity that includes many of the important topics of study within ethnic studies, including race and ethnicity, migration, and nationalism. https://www.thefreedictionary.com/ethnic+group. For many Africans, ethnic identity is highly complex and hasmultiple layers. Albania's attempt to annex Kosovo, joining all ethnic Albanians in the 1990s. This tragedy continues to be felt throughout the region. Ex: United Kingdom, A nation that transcends the borders of two or more states Ex: Kurds (Kurdistan), The Koreas. The majority of people are either BERBERS or ARABS, two groups thathave grown more similar over the centuries. Groups can have power and attempt to leverage that power to obtain needed Ability of a nation or state to have control of its internal affairs. As a result, racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the US Constitution. Other strands developed as a result of Europeancolonial governments that looked for differences among groups and createdethnic categories that often had little meaning for the people themselves. Create a poster, chart, or some other type of graphic organizer that describes the characteristics of an ethnicity of your choice. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethnic-group, ethnic group - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The 1954 landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. Ethnic cleansing is the attempt to get rid ofthrough deportation, displacement or even mass killingmembers of an unwanted ethnic group in order to establish an ethnically lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Ethnic groups tend to compete,striving to improve their positions. Townspeople learn to communicate in a common language,and they share the common experiences of urban life. A compilation of essays from a number of prominent philosophers, theorists, and social scientists covering topics that form many of the important topics within ethnic studies. Instead of growing food, many African Americans were forced tby landowners to plant cash crops, like cotton. This has made their ethnicity a very important aspect of their identity, as it is one of the main reasons that they have been marginalized. As states rose to power and expanded their territory,they created new forms of ethnic identity. When that is considered in the context of your nationality and race, it could be a strong indicator of your ethnicity. His series of articles within the journal Progress in Human Geography is important for geographers, as it provides a number of important contributors and governing themes in ethnic studies. However, individually these people would probably identify their ethnicity by a specific country like Italy or Ireland, or a region. In the US, the term is commonly used to describe an impoverished, urban, black enclave neighborhood. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} Ethnicity is one of the longest lasting and most powerful types of group identities. Accessible across all of today's devices: phones, tablets, and desktops. With all these layers,individual Africans may think of their ethnic identity in different ways. By continuing to use this site, you consent to the terms of our cookie policy, which can be found in our. Itignored the flexible, changeable, and evolving nature of ethnic identity. People in eastern Africa sometimes use theconcept of tribalism to explain differences and conflicts among themselves,even when the differences have more to do with money, land,and resources than with customs or culture. Current examples: Chinatown in LA and the Orthodox Jewish neighborhood of Miami (close to synagogues and kosher food). Updated on January 26, 2018. Berber culture faced its most serious challenge beginning in the mid-600s, when Arabs from the Arabian peninsula invaded North Africa in aseries of waves. Another way of dealing with ethnic diversity, one that holds more promise for the future, is the development of some form of pluralism, which usually rests on a combination of toleration, interdependence, and separatism. To begin, Hiebert 2009 and Williams 1985 each offer generalized descriptions and a history of the word ethnicity, and demonstrate how the meaning of this word evolved over the past few centuries. Identity with people who share a biological ancestor. Many modernscholars have rejected the terms tribe and tribalism because of theirconnection with these false and rigid definitions. Trade, war, and politics brought ethnic groups into contact and evensome forms of unity. What caused the Framers to give Congress the power to coin money and make it legal tender? Please subscribe or login. Africa's tapestry of hundreds of ethnic groups is woven of manystrands. For each of the following scenarios, form an ANOVA table, conduct the appropriate tests, and interpret the results: Ethnicity. Ethnic identity in Africa is asrichly diverse as its people, and for most Africans it plays a central rolein politics and social life. Over the course of their histories, these societiesmight be known by several ethnic names as they passed from localorganization to state control and back again when the state lost power. A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments, giving local regions more autonomy. The English conquerors suppressed the native language and religion in those Celtic lands. He eventually was released from prison and elected the 1st Black President of a united South Africa in 1994, ending Apartheid. There could be up to more than six hundred enslaved people on each ship. An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials, often done in smaller, more homogeneous regions or in dictatorships/oligarchies. Ethnicity is sometimes used interchangeably with the term nation, particularly in cases of ethnic nationalism, and is separate from the related concept of races. A number of texts exist that trace the history and evolution of the concept of ethnicity. Ethnicity. In The Dictionary of Human Geography. A group of people who share a common race, religion, language, or other characteristic. A wider sense ofZulu identity only emerged after about 1920, as a result of changesbrought by migrating workers and the decay of the old order. ethnic group - people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture ethnos group, grouping - any number of entities (members) considered as a unit ethnic A process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes (kills) a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Indigenous Peoples and the Global Indigenous Movement. For the purposes of this list, an ethnic slur is a term designed to insult others on the basis of race, ethnicity, or nationality. Such a conflict is usually not about ethnic differences themselves but rather political, economic, social, cultural, or territorial matters. Fenton, Steve. The same safe and trusted content for explorers of all ages. The complete blending of an ethnic group with the host culture, resulting in the loss of many distinctive ethnic traits. The government used ethnicity to justify its creation of ethnichomelands for black people. Individuals use the name of their small group locally,but in national or political matters they often identify with the moreinfluential Kalenjinthe group to which Kenya's president, Daniel arapMOI, belongs. Ethnicity. In Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. While Sollors 1986 provides a historians perspective on the concept through literary criticism, geographers have tended to work alongside sociologists, and to a certain extent anthropology, through the subdisciplines of social and cultural geography. Finally, there are some ethnicities that are built around a shared history, ancestry, and relationship with those around them. succeed. A society divided into different ethnicgroups does not necessarily produce equal groups with the sameamounts of power and status. Ex: Break-up of Yugoslavia. The Kurds represent the important role that ethnicity plays in the lives of many people. American Indian or Alaska NativeAsianBlack or African AmericanNative Hawaiian or Other Pacific IslanderWhite The trend toward mega-ethnic groups appears to becontinuing. But it is also always changing and adapting to new circumstances. The many ethnic conflicts that occur today in westernAfrica do not represent a return of ancient hostilities in the absenceof colonialism. Ethnic diversity is one form of the social complexity found in most contemporary societies. Another, less stable federal pluralism is found in Canada, where the French Catholic province of Quebec is increasingly assertive about its desire for complete independence and forced acculturation of its own ethnic minorities. First published 2003. Write an essay of approximately one to two paragraphs that describes the features of the ethnicity of the majority of the population in Eastern Europe. Among other things, you probably speak the same language, celebrate the same traditions, and share a common history with others in the group. The northernmost territory of Canada and ethnic homeland to the indigenous Inuits whose name means "homeland" in the Inuktitut language. Rather than integrate, the emigration of whites from an area, typically from the city to the suburbs, in anticipation of blacks immigrating into the area. One represented the Ganda, while the second had members from manyof the country's other ethnic groups. Segregation of public (state-sponsored) schools was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education, although in some cases it took years for this decision to be acted on. Example: Ethnicity can be defined in both broad and specific terms. The belief that race is a primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. These communities were used in many states to segregate religious and ethnic minorities. After independence,however, ethnic distinctions reappeared as groups struggledfor the power once held by colonial administrations. In the south, the majority of people are black Africans who followeither traditional religions or Christianity. Definition. It left a lasting mark onAfrica and changed relations between ethnic groups. Rather, theybelonged to chains or networks of societies with many shifting connections. Despite its great diversity, theArab population of North Africa is unified to some extent by shared language,religion, and culture. I feel like its a lifeline. When the stock market crashes, what influence does it have on investment, consumption, and aggregate demand? {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Introduction to Anthropology: Help and Review, Anthropology Perspectives: Help and Review, Genetics for Anthropologists: Help and Review, Evolution for Anthropologists: Help and Review, Geologic Time and Anthropology: Help and Review, Anthropology & Ancient History: Help and Review, Human and Cultural Migrations: Help and Review, People and the Environment: Help and Review, Agriculture & Domestication: Help and Review, Studying Land Resources in Anthropology: Help and Review, Levels of Culture: National, International & Subcultural, Understanding the Difference Between Society & Culture, Cultural Variation: Universalities, Generalities & Particularities, Etic and Emic World Views in Anthropology, Culture and the Individual: Real Culture vs. Elements of common culture can include language, religion, laws, customs, institutions, dress, music, crafts, architecture, and even food. They haveattracted migrants of many ethnic backgrounds who speak a variety oflanguages. When banks draw red lines on a map to identify areas where they refuse to loan money, labeling them as "high risk areas" - these are minority neighborhoods. Often illustrated through music, art, or religious traditions. This name once referred to only one of themany ethnic groups in northeastern Zambia. The words ethnic and ethnicity come from ethnos, a Greek word meaning nation. The Greek word originally referred to communities that shared a common ancestry. The country became deeply dividedalong lines that were partly ethnic: Ganda versus non-Ganda, southernersversus northerners, speakers of Bantu versus speakers of Niloticlanguages. For example, the Chaga, who live in the foothills ofMount Kilimanjaro, have enjoyed success in farming and business. Even when the Zulu kingdom united against theBritish, however, regional loyalties remained important, and most subjectsof the state did not regard themselves as Zulu. Example: Slavic is the most prominent ethnicity in Eastern Europe. Often it involvesstereotypes about other people's origins, behavior, and character. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. The Berbers resisted theonslaught at first, but they eventually converted to Islam. In another country, that same person's ethnicity might be described as Mexican, referring to their culture and heritage. Ethnic Provinces. A Nupe was anyoneconsidered a subject by the Nupe ruler. Indigenous People Culture & Movements | Who are Indigenous People? This body of law institutionalized a number of economic, educational, and social disadvantages. The question of how to balance ethnic and national identity will likelyremain a central issue of political life throughout the African continent. Meanwhile, merchants, traders, andlaborers filled the cities. pertaining to or characteristic of a people, especially a group (ethnic group ) sharing a common and distinctive culture, religion, language, or the like. On the fringes of such statesbut still under the state's influencepeople lived in societies based onlocal kinship groups. But even these boundaries between people wereblurred. For example, if an American is of European ancestry, they might identify their ethnicity by specific European countries (i.e., Poland). Peach, Ceri. Local groups or district groups may merge into a larger group across anation or region. Ethnic groups are populations that feel connected by a complex mix of kinship, culture, history, and geography. Although most of the members of this larger group donot know each other, they may see themselves as having more in commonwith each other than with people of other ethnic groups. Inuits control the government and Inuktitut is taught in schools. Assimilation may be forced or voluntary, or somewhere in between. In 19th-century Europe, these doctrines influenced various movements for the liberation of ethnic minorities from the old European empires and led to some partially successful attempts to establish nation-states along ethnic lines, as in the case of Poland and Italy. Ethnocentrism. It might be useful to explore some of the more well established ethnic groups to shed some light on the different elements used to define them. Definition of ethnic province in geography? Many Central Africans regard ethnicity as the most important factorin politics, and they tend to view any disturbance as an ethnic conflict. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Thepolitical border that the British created between Kenya and Uganda cutsacross ethnic groups linked by language, culture, and history. Politicians and ethnic leaderswith varying interests have tried various approaches, including sponsoringethnic festivals and associations, working to define the historiesand folklore of ethnic groups, and calling for the return of traditionalleadership. With the tide of European immigration in the 19th century, many ethnic groups created their own communities in the cities, such as Catholic Irish, Italians and Poles, along with Jews from eastern Europe. Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities- as a threat to peace throughout the world, not just in a small area. Ethnic groups are drawn to these communities because they provide isolated community where their culture can flourish. Jenkins, Richard. 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In this case, the Kurds are self-differentiated based on their origins in a particular region of what were once the Persian and Ottoman empires. Berbers live in a few oases in western EGYPT and LIBYA but aremore numerous in ALGERIA and MOROCCO. The Zulu state formed in the mid-1800s when many independentchiefdoms that shared culture and languages came under therule of the Zulu king. copyright 2003-2022 Study.com. - Definition, Theories & Examples, Cultural Determinism: Definition and Theory, Cultural Milieu: Definition & Explanation, Cultural Relativism in Sociology: Definition, Argument & Examples, Cultural Studies: Definition, Theory & Methodologies, Degradation Ceremony: Definition and Examples, Ethnocentrism in Sociology: Definition & Examples, Folkways in Sociology: Definition, Patterns & Examples, Nonmaterial Culture: Definition, Components & Examples, The Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity, Mexican Ethnic Groups: Percentages & Demographics, Ethnic Groups: Definition, List & Examples, Japanese Subcultures: List & Descriptions, Louisiana French, Haitian & Jamaican Creoles: People & Differences, Materialism & Material Culture: Definitions & Examples, Xenocentrism: Definition & Role in Sociology, Art History and Anthropology: Help and Review, Language and Communication in Anthropology: Help and Review, Settlement Patterns in Anthropology: Help and Review, Studying Societies in Anthropology: Help and Review, Studying Economic Systems in Anthropology: Help and Review, Family Relationships in Anthropology: Help and Review, Studying Political Organization in Anthropology: Help and Review, Studying Religion in Anthropology: Help and Review, Applications of Anthropology: Help and Review, Human & Cultural Geography for Teachers: Professional Development, DSST Foundations of Education: Study Guide & Test Prep, ILTS School Counselor (235): Test Practice and Study Guide, FTCE School Psychologist PK-12 (036) Prep, Intro to Sociology Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Introduction to Human Geography: Certificate Program, Experiences & Contributions of Cultural & Ethnic Groups in Ohio, Cooperative Relationships in Early Childhood Education, Mathematics Assessment Strategies in Early Childhood, Selecting Resources for Teaching Science to Young Children, Messy Hands: Creating Visual Art with Children, Identifying Motor Skill Difficulties in Children, Geographic Terms: Interdependence, Assimilation & Demographic Cycle, Evolution of Democratic Ideals in the United States, Global Interrelatedness: Demographic, Political, Economic & Cultural, How Physical Factors Impact Population Distribution & Livelihood, Historical Timelines: Strategies for Interpretation, The Warring States Period in Japan & China, Landmark Supreme Court Cases: Schenck & Bakke, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Ethnicity is often defined by a shared language, religion, nationality or race, Recognize how to identify someone's ethnicity, Compare different ethnicities throughout the world. The voyage took three to four months and, during this time, the enslaved people mostly lay chained in rows on the floor of the hold or on shelves that ran around the inside of the ships' hulls. Initially encapsulating essentialized notions of place attachment (territoriality) stemming from social Darwinism and environmental determinism, the meaning and use of ethnicity evolved into more of a socially constructed concept, replacing the politically loaded and controversial term race following the Second World War. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In sociology, an ethnic enclave is a geographic area with high ethnic concentration, characteristic cultural identity, and economic activity. This cemented the rulers' right to rule (since they were the most highly developed race of humans) and drove a wedge between groups such as poor whites and blacks that might otherwise have Leader of the African National Congress (ANC), a political party in South Africa, that fought for the rights of Black South Africans. Ethnicity Overview & Characteristics | What is an Ethnic Group? The 1970s witnessed a flexibility in assimilation theory, and a rise in the constructivist movement. In them, individuals learn to operate in the wider society. Ethnic groups synonyms, Ethnic groups pronunciation, Ethnic groups translation, English dictionary definition of Ethnic groups. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2010. Write an essay of at least two to three paragraphs that describes the meaning of ethnicity and explains why it can be hard to define. Within anthropology, for example, Jenkins 1997 explains why anthropologists were at first less inclined to include ethnicity in their writing, yet in contemporary work they have more readily adopted the conceptalthough not necessarily in a positive way. Britannica does not review the converted text. A suburban residential and business area with a notable cluster of a particular ethnic minority population. Some groups may be seen as older, larger,richer, or more advanced than others. Their success and growth depends on self-sufficiency, and is coupled with economic prosperity. Choose a language from the menu above to view a computer-translated version of this page. a community or population of people who share a common cultural heritage, history, or descent. Research in the late1900s showed that many ethnic names of this region came from colonialpractices rather than indigenous African tradition. To counter these trends, ethnic leaders often launch cultural revivalmovements or make ethnic awareness a political goal. A group who share a common identity. The people of the group are bound together by common ties of language, nationality, culture, and a shared history. It not just physical characteristics, it also about the person's social and cultural identity. They have adopted Islam and claim Arabancestry. To share with more than one person, separate addresses with a comma. People in various environments liveddifferently: nomadic herders roamed the deserts, and farmers plantedcrops in the savanna and forests. As a result, artificial differences arose between relatedpeoples. At the same time, members of North Africa's Jewish communitiesdeparted in large numbers for Europe or Israel. Western Africa didnot return to its precolonial state after independence. factorial experiment is conducted with three replications. Captives from different nations were mixed together, so it was more difficult for them to talk and plan rebellions. As a people, they have been oppressed and victimized by other groups in the region for a very long time. It mayeven suggest that some groups are more human than others. Within geography, the study of Within geography, the study of ethnicity permeates through a number of subdisciplines that include cultural, social, historical, economic, political, and urban geography, and the work of geographers emphasizes the spatial nature of ethnicity at multiple scalesfrom the nation to the bodyfocusing on individual and group place attachment. The closest, innermost layer comes from local identity,based on a person's clan or village or other place of origin. ethnic group, a social group or category of the population that, in a larger society, is set apart and bound together by common ties of race, language, nationality, or culture. Yet ethnic identity can inspirepride and hope and unite people in groups for effective political andsocial action. This is due in part to differing contexts. {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons This refers to the part of the trade system where Africans, densely packed onto ships, were transported across the Atlantic to the West Indies. Ethnic cleansing sometimes involves the removal of all physical vestiges of the targeted group through the destruction of monuments, cemeteries, and houses of worship. Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D. Assume that SS(Total) = 1,000. All rights reserved. Omissions? In Peachs article on social geography, he begins with a section on Ethnicity and Social Geography, which outlines some of the more recent scholarship within ethnicity-related geography. Ex: the Kurdish desire for an independent Kurdistan. ). The result was a proliferation of national states, some of which experienced local conflicts with ethnic-related causes. Ethnicity has always been an important element in the way people identifythemselves. Thousands of ethnic groups exist, Ethnicity. A trade pattern during the 17th and 18th centuries in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to the Caribbean Islands, South America, and southern North America (middle passage), sugar, molasses, and other raw materials to Europe, and manufactured trade goods, such as rum, cloth, and guns to Africa. The link was not copied. Was used as an alternative to term for race. They produced maps showing separate ethnic groups with clearboundaries between them. Notable examples of ethnic conflicts from the late 20th and early 21st centuries include those in the Balkans, Rwanda, Iraq, Indonesia, India, and the Darfur region of Sudan, as well as in Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. Please note: Text within images is not translated, some features may not work properly after translation, and the translation may not accurately convey the intended meaning. Women and children were held separately. Theyhave faced envy and discrimination from neighboring groups, eventhough they are very similar to them ethnically. AfterUganda gained independence in 1962, two political parties emerged. Christian missionaries reinforced this colonial concept as they choselocal languages for education and Bible translation and created a structurefor the churches' own administrative units. Ethnic Provinces. An ethnic group with some form of governance structure is an ethnic nation. Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture. Civil wars andethnic and border conflicts in SENEGAL, MAURITANIA, LIBERIA, GUINEA, MALI,and NIGER may be signs that the region has entered into a period ofredefining itself. A group of people who share a common race, religion, language, or other characteristic. Social Geography: New Religions and EthnoburbsContrasts with Cultural Geography. Progress in Human Geography 26.2 (2002): 252260. In many states in this region,poverty and political disorder have been regarded as ethnic conflicts. One of the most notable long-term solutions has been that of Switzerland, where the three major ethnic groups are concentrated in separate cantons, each enjoying a large measure of local control within a democratic federation. A nationalist movement intended to reclaim and reoccupy a "lost" or "unredeemed" area based on national, ethnic, or historical basis. Based on the notion that some groups were racially or ethnicallysuperior to others, the colonial powers gave favored groups somedegree of self-rule or even control over other groups. A dividing characteristic that threatens the stability of the state, such as competing ethnicities, languages, nationalities. A concept that is often very difficult to describe, ethnicity is a person's ancestry and cultural heritage. Since the end of apartheid in the 1990s, South Africa has had a continuingdebate about ethnic identity. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. When entire regions become associated with ethnic or racial aggregations. Example: Caucasian. Sudan has identified about 20 major ethnicgroups and more than 100 languages or dialects. The term ethnicities is more broadly defined as large groups of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or Study this lesson on ethnic groups, then use what you've learned to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Sudan is a diverse and divided country. The shelves were under a meter high and often the enslaved Africans could not sit up. Ex: Nunavut Territory of the Inuits in Canada and the Navajo Reservation in Arizona. An ethnic nation typically promotes feelings, words, and actions that support its identity and rights. 20190113 from rftp.com. The word tribalismrefers to this way of thinking of society along ethnic lines. The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers, which eliminated or overrode most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance. Take a minute to check out all the enhancements! Involves more than physical characteristics associated with race; also includes a person's perceived social and cultural identity. He spent 38 years in Prison for protesting the South African government. Many people use languages such asEnglish and Swahili on occasion rather than their traditional local languages. Hiebert provides a thorough and concise explanation and succinct history of ethnicity, and he outlines the major themes of study within contemporary geography. Colonial administrators of central Africa divided the region into unitsand considered each unit home to a specific tribe with a leadershipstructure, a unique culture, and centuries of tradition. In western Africa, however, European colonial powersmade ethnic categories more rigid than they had been before. Later, the Romans referred to the Berbers asNumidians. Original ethnic groups such as the Nubians and Beja remain. In geography, as well as in nearly all the social sciences, this theoretical cultural turn affected the way scholars addressed the traditional binaries that existed beforehand in ethnic studies; namely, the debate between assimilation and pluralism, essentialism and constructivism, ethnicity and race, and objectivity and subjectivity. World religions such as Islam and Christianity are perhaps the least ethnicallydivided institutions in central Africa. AP Human Chapter 7. A more common approach to ethnic diversity is assimilation. There are many different ethnic groups and cultures around the world, many of which are built around different aspects of a shared culture. What are the major things that make you feel as though you belong in a certain group? Kenya'sborders with Tanzania, ETHIOPIA, Sudan, and SOMALIA also disregardedethnic relationships. It is includes a sense of national consciousness that exalts one nation over another and emphasizes its culture and interests. belief in the superiority of ones own ethnic group. But both public policy and public opinion also contributed to American assimilation. It is, however, often defined by some or all of thesefactors. Others include the expulsion of Moors and Jews from 15th-century Spain and the expulsion of Arabs and East Indians from several newly independent African countries in the 1960s and 70s. Conflict among ethnic groups lies at the root of many civil wars inAfricasometimes on a horrifying scale, such as the genocidal violencethat flared in RWANDA in the mid-1990s. Many people who opposed apartheidand supported African nationalism rejected this approach as racist. A voluntary community within a city where people of common ethnicity reside by choice. Ethnic diversity is one aspect of the social complexity found in most societies today. However, traces ofcolonial practices remain. Although many associations are organized along ethnic lines anddesigned to promote ethnic identification, numerous recreational,sports, and religious organizations resemble society in general and aremultiethnic. Example: You could use columns for different characteristics of your chosen ethnicity (i.e., art, literature, and music; customs, food, language, religion, etc.). When real estate agents convinced white homeowners living near a black area to sell their homes at low prices, preying on fears of the integration of black families and declining property values. Before conquest by Europeans, westernAfrica's ethnic groups were rarely separate or self-contained. The term ethnic cleansing, The action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body, especially a political state. Rather, the conflicts are the legacy of the colonial era,which invented artificial categories, broke up relations among societies,and fostered resentment and competition among ethnic groups. The country'slargest non-Arab population group is probably the Dinka, who livealong the southern Nile. Hiebert, Daniel. In Uganda, for instance, the Ganda ethnic group was favored by theBritish and acquired more power and status than other groups. Ethnic identity tends to emerge most strongly when different groupsinteract and compete for power or resources. Ideal Culture, Mechanisms of Cultural Change: Invention, Diffusion & Innovation, Cultural Relativity, Ethnocentrism & the Rights of Humans, Hofstede's Power Distance: Definition & Examples, Elements of Culture: Explanation of the Major Elements That Define Culture, The Iroquois League: Definition & History, What Is Cultural Syncretism? Even after independence, some central African politicians and intellectualshave continued to reinforce the colonial concept of tribes,which favors certain individuals and groups. ""Ethnic Religions"s are contradictory to universal religions, such as Christianity or Islam, because gaining converts is a not a primary objective and, the religion, is limited to ethnic, In order to be flexible with documenting ethnicity, many people accept self-identification of ethnicity, going by what ethnicity a person most identifies with. Until the 20th century ethnic diversity posed no great problems for empires. Create your account. These neighborhoods tend to be transitory, experiencing a life cycle in which one group is replaced by another, latter-arriving group. Definition of ethnic. In early modern times the English, for example, forced the peoples of Wales, Scotland, and Ireland to assimilate to English culture. Ethnicity. Be sure to explain the role of self-identification in defining ethnicity. In approximately three to four paragraphs, write an essay that explains the ways in which ethnicity can be determined. Ethnicity is a concept that has been studied extensively within American and British sociology since the 1920s, yet only in the past few decades has it expanded into other countries and infiltrated multiple disciplines. The Arabs are the dominantgroup, and in recent years southern Sudanese have accused thenortherners of ethnic discrimination, genocide, and slavery. This way of regarding ethnic groups suited the French and Britishstrategy of divide and rule. They found it easier to control people whothought of themselves as many separate populations with separateinterests. Many ethnic groups have been driven out of their homelands or have dispersed to pursue greater opportunities elsewhere. Ethnic labels allow complex social, economic, and political issues to bereduced to a simple case of us against them. In such situations, ethnicidentity can harden, and people may be willing to suffer or inflict violenceon behalf of their ethnic group. Sollors, Werner. The process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government. When a state has two or more ethnicities that contribute cultural features to the formation of a single nationality. One of the most common ethnicities that you've probably heard mentioned is Arab, which refers to people from western Asia and northern Africa. One of the more productive and less complicated ways of identifying ethnicity is through self-identification, when a person chooses how they describe their ethnicity. Both the Nuer and the Dinka of southern Sudan call themselves bynames that mean people. The general term for many of the peoples ofeastern Africa is BANTU, which is a family of languages but also meanspeople.. By the early 1960s, the success of independencemovements in the various colonies had caused most Europeans to leave. geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. Summary. Beginning in the 1980s, a number of scholars adopted strands of postmodern, post-structural, and postcolonial thought in developing new ways of looking at the concept of ethnicity. Before the colonial era, most African stateswere multiethnic, that is, they usually had one dominant ethnic group,several other groups, several languages, and a shared culture. In addition, tribal identities kept people obedient to triballeaders who were either appointed or influenced by the colonial powers. It can lead to the destabilization of provinces, countries, and, in some cases, even whole regions. 3 \times 3 This 1896 landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal," making the Jim Crow Laws of the south legal. Learn how to define an ethnic group, review how to identify ethnicity, and explore different examples of ethnic groups, such as the Arabs, Irish, Scottish, Kurds, and Romani. Historically it is the legacy of conquests that brought diverse peoples under the rule of a dominant group; of rulers who in their own interests imported peoples for their labour or their technical and business skills; of industrialization, which intensified the age-old pattern of migration for economic reasons; or of political and religious persecutions that drove people from their native lands. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. 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