Territorial Jurisdiction. 4. Jurisdiction. Judicial Magistrates and Executive Magistrates and both have their respective jurisdictions vis--vis competence to take cognizance of specified offences. WebTerritorial Jurisdiction. ", Oral defamation, slander - G.R. below 27. 13. Criminal jurisdiction is a term used in constitutional law and public law to describe the power of courts to hear a case brought by a state accusing a defendant of the commission of a crime. As economics is sine qua non of an individual from cradle to cremation and as Section 138 is thing closely related to economic activities, Section 138 cases have a lions share of dockets filed up in their name in India. is to enable the Executive Authorities to maintain status quo till the parties have their matter decided by the Civil Court of competent jurisdiction. If robbery was committed in Quezon City, it is in the proper court. Federal courts get their powers from laws passed by Congress. When a person is accused of the commission of any offence by reason of anything which had been done, and of any consequence which has ensued, such offence may be inquired into or tried by a Court within the limits of whose jurisdiction any such thing has been done, or any such consequence has ensured. or private citizens. Nevertheless, under international law there were exceptions to the limitations of territorial jurisdiction. if Magistrate find that same was to be exclusively triable by a Court of Session-Sessions Judge, thereafter only may reject complaint or summon accused and proceed with trial.-[Complaint]. Thus, it cannot take jurisdiction over a person charged with an offense allegedly committed outside of that limited territory. Special Maritime and Territorial Jurisdiction One way the federal government may have jurisdiction over crimes committed in space is if the conduct occurs in the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States (SMTJ) and violates the substantive elements of a federal statute applicable in SMTJ. Historical Jurisdiction by County. Mainstreaming Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Connecting the Dots: Education and Religious Discrimination in Pakistan a Study of Public Schools and Madrassas, View and Revise Any Decision, Opinion, Instruction, Determination, Certificate Or Valuation of the Engineer Related to the Dispute, The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan, Legal and Territorial Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases, Annual Report 2016 Sindh Judicial Academy (Sja) Pakistan, Mqm Legal Aid Committee's Press Conference at The, Sindh E-Centralized College Admission Policy 2018 Placement in Xi on Merit Under Seccap-2018, BBA / BSCS / BSSE / APH) Specialized Course (BBA Morning), Jawad Khan PRESS RELEASE a Meeting of National Judicial. 1973, S.188 - If at the time of commission of offence, person committing it is a citizen of India, then even if offence is committed outside India, he is subject to jurisdiction of Courts in India - However if accused person is not a citizen of India, then S.4 I.P.C. [3]Banking, Public Financial Institutions and Negotiable Instruments Laws (Amendment) Act, 1988. Violations of Traffic Laws, Rules, and Regulations, Violations of Municipal and City Ordinances. Trial Court, Municipal Circuit Trial Court, or Regional Trial Court. * Based on the Judiciary Act of 1980, as amended, 30th floor, Tycoon Centre Ltd. disclaims all liability to any person for any loss or damage caused by errors or omissions, whether arising from negligence, accident or any This law determines the scope of federal and state court power. Pasig City 1605 The contents are intended, L J 560 [Lahore] Before Tassaduq Hussain Jilani, J S. 145---Judicial requirements for assumption of jurisdiction under S.145, Cr.P.C are (i) existence of a dispute, (ii) such dispute is likely to cause breach of peace, (iii) dispute is concerning land, water, building, markets, fisheries, crops or other produce of the land and the rents or profits of such property, (iv) dispossession if alleged is within two months prior to the initial order passed by the Magistrate, and (v) dispute is within the territorial jurisdiction of the Magistrate concerned. EBC Publishing Pvt. Blog are for informational purposes only and for the reader's personal non-commercial use. Cases where place of commission of offence is uncertain.When, for instance, it is uncertain in which of several local areas an offence was committed; or where an offence is committed partly in one local area and partly in another; or where the offence is a continuing one and continues to be committed in more local areas than one; or where the offence consists of several acts done in different local areas, -- it may be inquired into or tried by a Court having jurisdiction over any of such local areas. Hence, as the ratio decided in K. Bhaskaran case[19] was shifting like pendulum from one corner to another over territorial jurisdiction of courts to deal with cheque bounce cases, a 3-Judge Bench was called upon to solve this conundrum. D. its materiality The formal exchange of, Select the true statement about primary sources of law in the U.S. No. The answer seems to be affirmative as the law has permitted the contracting parties netted into any contract to agree on the rules of the territorial jurisdiction of the state courts in special cases. Most crimes that occur within a state's borders, or within three miles of its coastline, are prosecuted in state court. Thomas, J. wanted to reverse his own opinion expressed in K. Bhaskaran case[38] or if he wanted to dissent from R.P. Jurisdiction is the power of a court to hear and decide cases. 154 North Center Street Lehi, Utah 84043 Phone: 385.201.1090 Fax: 801.768.8405 lehijusticecourt@lehi-ut.gov. Qaiser Javed Mian Director Research/Faculty Member Punjab Judicial Academy, Lahore. The nearest collector of internal revenue, provincial/city or municipal treasurer. Territorial jurisdiction in criminal cases is the. Hence, for an inquiry or trial, it is the court which is the focal point What determines court jurisdiction? To have jurisdiction, a court must have authority over the subject matter of the case and. the court must be able to exercise control over the defendant, or the property involved must be located in the area under the courts control. The issues are: (1) whether the Court of Appeals erred in sustaining the conviction of petitioner For legal research purposes of my readers, may I share the jurisprudential part of a motion for reconsideration I have just filed with the For purposes of legal research of foreign readers visiting this blog, on the subject of the legal system involving the titling of public la Below is a sample counter-affidavit prepared by Atty. Thus, a liberal, and in my opinion, substantially proper approach was adopted by the Supreme Court in K. Bhaskaran case[6]. Jurisdiction is determined mainly on the grounds of: Fiscal value; Geographical boundaries of a court; The subject matter of court. Jurisdiction is the power of a court to hear and decide cases. Exclusive appellate jurisdiction over: All cases decided by MTCs in RTCs respective territorial Violations of the Rental Law As one federal appellate court has Bail is the security given for the temporary release of a person in custody of the law, which is provided EBC Publishing Pvt. (a) All violations of city and municipal ordinances committed within their respective jurisdictions Intervention; when allowed and not allowed - G.R. Venue is an essential element of jurisdiction in criminal cases. At the trial, the affidavits constitute the direct testimonies of the witnesses who execute the PLD 1958 SC (Pak.) This preview shows page 17 - 19 out of 255 pages. What is the rule if a crime is committed with the Delay in contract law - G.R. Exclusive appellate jurisdiction over: Final judgments, resolutions or orders of RTCs in cases upon receiving a complaint had no jurisdiction to deal with the accused---High Court in exercise of revisional jurisdiction quashed the proceedings against the accused being without jurisdiction---Revision was allowed accordingly. By . In the present case, the Addl. and the accused. State court territorial jurisdiction is determined by the Due Process Clause of the Constitution's Fourteenth Amendment and the federal court territorial jurisdiction is determined by the Due Process Clause of the Constitution's Fifth Amendment. other cause. : The content of this Penal Code 1860, S. 4 - Criminal P.C. It is relevant in three distinct situations: have local territorial jurisdiction. Thus, an Executive Magistrate having no jurisdiction to take cognizance of a particular offence is not competent to discharge an accused person involved in such an offence and, likewise a Judicial Magistrate having not been conferred jurisdiction to take cognizance of a particular offence is not empowered to discharge an accused person involved in such an offence. Territorial jurisdiction refers to power of the court to inquire and proceed with the trial of matter that is presented before it. All violations of city or municipal ordinances committed within their respective territorial jurisdictions; All offenses punishable with imprisonment of not more than 6 years irrespective of the amount of fine, All cases of damage to property through criminal negligence, regardless of other penalties and the civil liabilities arising therefrom, All offenses committed by public officers and employees in relation to their office, including those employed in government-owned or controlled corporations, except Articles 210 212 of the Revised Penal Code, All offenses committed by private individuals charged as co-principals, accomplices or accessories, punishable with imprisonment of not more than 6 years; or, where none of the accused holds a position of salary Grade 27 and higher, All other offenses where the penalty does not exceed 6 months imprisonment and/or P1,000 fine, irrespective of other penalties or civil liabilities arising therefrom, All offenses involving damage to property through criminal negligence, where the imposable fine does not exceed P10,000.-. School Saint cecilias Collage; Course Title NOTHING DO 022; Uploaded By Mega_Electron_Mosquito6. Why do we have such a fragmented system? 10. Jurisdiction of every court is on three counts i.e., Subject matter, Pecuniary and Territorial. Jurisdiction of a Court, as one may already know, is the power of a Court to proceed with the trials of a case and bind the parties involved with its judgment. released, without prejudice to the continuation of the trial or the proceedings on appeal. and could not be tried together---Process issued by Court against accused was thus illegal and without jurisdiction---Proceedings pending against accused in the Court of Magistrate were ordered to be quashed in circumstances. jurisdictions. Answer: Such a complaint or information should be filed in a court in the municipality or city where the Now the problem with the 2015 Amendment is that it has not been drafted as per the present practical needs. Sardar Muhammad Yasin Khan, Advocate Versus Raja Feroze Khan 1969 P Cr. This is a sample HOUSE CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT prepared by our law office. It is the duty of the This is tantamount to reviewing the order of MM which only a superior court has the authority to do. Sethi, J. Defective jurat in verification is not fatal defec "Locus standi" strictly construed - G.R. That court is said to have territorial jurisdiction over the case. Depending on the State law usually specifies which courts have jurisdiction over which types of cases. MUNICIPAL or METROPOLITAN TRIAL COURTS have exclusive original jurisdiction over: Consolidation of cases; where proper and where imp President's appointment power - G.R. 1. Section 138[2] became a mostly used common term in business, friends and family circles as majority of the financial transactions, despite the massive digitalisation post-demonetisation, still take place through issuance of cheques and in case of failure of the drawer (the one who owes money and issues the cheque) to honour the amount specified in cheque, the payee (the one to whom drawer owes money and whose name is written on the cheque) turns foe and invokes prosecution under that section. 131 and PLD 1967 Pesh. No. either by the person himself or by another individual or by a corporation acting interest of the arrested positions whose salary grade is lower than grade 27. Provisions Related to Extra Territorial Jurisdiction of in Criminal Procedure Code Now, as the statute has conferred the territorial jurisdiction and as it is well settled that once the statute confers jurisdiction, courts cannot dilute it but are bound to follow it, hence, it is urged that Parliament comes up with an amendment to the NI Act, 1881 and confers the territorial jurisdiction on the courts trying cheque bounce cases by following the principles set out in K. Bhaskaran case[52], with only the court from where notice is issued being the exception as declared in Harman Electronics case[53]. 32 ref. Petitioners filed application under section 265-K, Cr.P.C. S.145---Object of---Purpose behind S.145, Cr.P.C. Annoy Your Clients Less: Five Steps - Attorney at 10 Reasons The U.S. Is No Longer The Land Of The F President Aquino appoints six new judges to lower Corona, money laundering | BusinessWorld Online Ed Lawyers' titles and law firm names in the hi-tech era. other vehicle passed during its trip, including the place of its departure and arrival. [54]http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/72Mk5H3P. 160351 "x x x. Web Jurisdiction also depends on the place of commission of offence.The question of jurisdiction arises also with reference to the place of inquiry or trial. To arrive at this conclusion, the Court relied upon Sections 177 to 179 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973[5] (for short, CrPC). In times of civil unrest, the immediate threat to public safety requires government action. In addition, none of the requirements of international comity militated against the exercise of jurisdiction by the Canadian courts in this action. Copyright 2022 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01. When a state does have authority over a case, jurisdiction is then determined. Your email address will not be published. Thirdly, now for practical purposes the ratio of Ishar Alloy[40] became infructuous because in that case of 20th century, cheque was presented by the payee in his account but it did not reach the drawers account within six months, which now, in the 21st century, is not the case due to digitalisation of entire banking system wherein cheque reaches the drawee bank, through electronic mode, within 2 to 4 days of presenting. relation to their office, where one or more of the accused occupy positions whose salary grade is 27 or Jurisdiction also depends on the place of commission of offence.The question of jurisdiction arises also with reference to the place of inquiry or trial. Nasim Akhtar Versus The State and others 1996 P Cr. S. 20---Federal Shariat Court has jurisdiction when any of the accused is charged under the provisions of Ordinance (VII of 1979) and any other law. null and void. 1606, as amended by Republic Act 7975, c. Civil and criminal cases filed pursuant to and in connection with Executive Order #s 1,2,14 and 14 A, issued in 1986, All criminal cases not within the exclusive jurisdiction of any court, tribunal or body, All cases decided by lower courts in their respective territorial jurisdictions. B. ts admissibility C.the prejudice it causes. bail. See the PAO or IBP chapter near you for free legal aid. when drawer fails to make payment within fifteen days of receipt of the notice. Offense charged is not punishable by death or life imprisonment. Criminal cases where the penalty prescribed by law is imprisonment not exceeding 6 months, or Thus, one of the acts laid in K. Bhaskaran case[8] was plucked out in Harman Electronics case[9]. Banking, Public Financial Institutions and Negotiable Instruments Laws (Amendment) Act, 1988. http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/onWy2d4F, http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/W705Y641, http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/72Mk5H3P, Hanged Till Death A Sigh of Justice| A sunrise to set free Nirbhayas Soul, Remuneration to non-executive directors: Analysis of provisions under Companies Act and SEBI Listing Regulations, We have pro arbitration regime, however, it does not mean we have hands off approach says Justice SK Kaul at 5th ICC India Arbitration Day, The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018: A Bad Law. Petitioners have challenged both the aforementioned orders under section 561-A. EBC Publishing Pvt. The bondsman shall surrender the accused to the court for execution of the judgment. Hence the State of Kerala has no jurisdiction to investigate into the incident and it is the Union of India which has jurisdiction to proceed with the investigation. P. C. Ordinary place of inquiry and trial. Territorial jurisdiction in criminal cases is the territory where the court has. It is to be noted that before Harman Electronics case[10], in Shamshad Begum v. B. Mohammed,[11] another 2-Judge Bench by following K. Bhaskaran case[12] held that the court from whose limits, notice was sent has jurisdiction. Ltd. and do not constitute legal advice. of the criminal charge against a person. who filed appeal against that judgment before Federal Shariat Court---Appeal before Federal Shariat Court, held, was not competent as neither the charge had been framed under S.12 of Ordinance VII of 1979 nor any evidence had come on record for kidnapping and abduction of the victim in order to enable Federal Shariat Court to exercise jurisdiction. Any case that is tried or heard in a court that has no jurisdiction over it in the first place may be declared 1083; 2. 1973). b. Introduction: Jurisdiction means and includes any authority conferred by the law upon the court, tribunal or judge to decide or adjudicate any dispute between the parties or pass judgment or order. 9, 193 & 178---Provincial Government is competent to set up venue for the trial of cases of a particular accused and also nominate any Sessions Judge or Additional Sessions Judge to try those cases which are to be specified by the said Government in Notification/Notifications---No intervention of High Court for transfer of cases from one territorial jurisdiction to another was thus called for and the reference from Sessions Judge in this regard was disposed of in the aforesaid terms. A private complaint was filed under sections 6, 11 and 16 of Offence of Zina (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance VII of 1979 in the Court of the Sessions Judge which was entrusted to the Additional Sessions Judge who forwarded it to the Magistrate, for inquiry under section 202, Cr.P.C. The Concept of Territorial Jurisdiction A nation may be said to consist of its territory, its people, and its laws. Muhammad Amin Versus The State 1973 P Cr. In criminal law, it includes the power to impose punishment. Unlike other statues, the Amendment Act of 1988[3] did not expressly specify territorial jurisdiction of the court in which Section 138 cases are to be filed by the aggrieved complainant. Nos. directors. The statute governing personal person has no right to bail due to the presumption that he is a flight risk. Intro: In order for a court to have personal jurisdiction over a defendant it must have a statutory basis for its power, and the exercise of its power must comply with due process (14 th Amendment for states, 5 th Amendment for federal government). And Muhammad Azal Lone, J Ss. Territorial Jurisdiction. exceed P10,000. Where falls the line? A court must have both subject matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction over the matter to hear a case. L J 1682 [Federal Shariat court] Before Abdul Karim Khan Kundi And Abdul Razzaq A. Thahim, JJ Case was registered against accused under S.377/511 P.P.C. (This means that judgment by MTCs may be appealed to the appropriate R. positions whose salary grade is lower than grade 27. Personal Jurisdiction: How to Determine Where a Person Can Be Sued. Once it is so shown, the court may validly take cognizance of the case. No. The U.S. district courts are the trial courts of the federal court system. The district courts can hear most federal cases, including civil and criminal cases. There are 94 federal judicial districts in the United States and its territories. Each district includes a U.S. bankruptcy court. Does the Supreme Court hear new evidence? only the areas of law explicitly given to them by the U.S. Constitution individual rights, but not public law any areas of law not specifically, Which of the following accurately characterizes the function of the U.S. cash the amount fixed by the court with any of the following: It is settled that jurisdiction over a defendant in a civil case is acquired either through service of summons or through voluntary appearance in court and submission to its authority. 12. The views expressed are not the personal views of EBC Publishing Pvt. Personal injury cases. According to the procedure all complaints have to be filed before the Magistrate who takes cognizance under section 190 (1), Cr.P.C. Basically: the court cannot rule on a case involving a crime committed outside its territory. SALN not proof of ownership - Sps. 2. Sheikh Muhammad Aslam and another Versus The State and 2 Others 1991 MLD 1973 [Lahore] Before Sh. Disclaimer Federal question and subject jurisdiction. government officials and employees in relation to their office. The court orders the annotation of the lien on the original Torrens Title on file Penal Code. Territorial District and County Court Records, 1850-1896. Courts in the United States must have two kinds of jurisdiction to hear a case, personal jurisdiction and subject matter jurisdiction. Required fields are marked *. 1990 P Cr. (b) All offenses punishable with imprisonment not exceeding 6 years, regardless of the amount of the No unnecessary force or violence should be used in making an arrest. Web: http://www.mostlawfirm.net, in all criminal cases involving offenses for which the penalty is. Territorial jurisdiction concerns whether an offense occurred within the sovereign Sardar Muhammad Yasin Khan, Advocate Versus Raja Feroze Khan PLD 1972 Azad J & K 46 Before Khawaja Muhammad Yusuf Saraf, J. (a) Criminal trial-Acquittal-Meaning- Court not having territorial jurisdiction to try offender-Cannot pass an order of his acquittal. 8. The courts roll in this case, was to hear and analyze statements from witness, the prosecuting attorney, defense attorneys and expert testimonies from the coroner and a doctor. It was held here because of the type of crimes that were committed, they were criminal crimes, and superior court has the authority to try all civil and criminal cases. A reference may be made in this respect to the cases of Sufi Abdul Qadir v. The state and others 2000 P Cr. Exclusive original jurisdiction over: All criminal cases are not within the exclusive jurisdiction My views gain strength from the observations of the Supreme Court in R. Vijayan v. Baby,[44] wherein it was observed that: Also, in Harman Electronics case[46] the Court gave a go-by only to one of the principles of K. Bhaskaran case[47] i.e. A warrant of arrest is normally issued by the judge after he conducts a preliminary investigation petitions for mandamus, prohibition certiorari, habeas corpus, Secondly, even assuming reasons given by Dashrath Rupsingh[34] for reliance on Ishar Alloy[35] to be correct, it should be noted that K.T. The state courts get their powers from state constitutions and laws. This power is constitutionally justified. Violations of City and Municipal Ordinances Blog are for informational purposes only and for the reader's personal non-commercial use. Depending on the nature of the offense and the corresponding penalty that may be imposed, the complaint or All civil actions and proceedings between parties who are Muslims or have been married in accordance with Article 13 of Presidential Decree No. Advertisement. Shamshad Begum case[13] was not even discussed in Harman Electronics case[14]. other cause. Hence, if K.T. any time before conviction by a regional trial court. P1,000 fine. More Definitions of Jurisdictional Requirements Jurisdictional Requirements means that the Borrower remains organized under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia. Ordinary place of inquiry and trial. The court may release a person on his own recognizance or that [27]Dashrath Rupsingh case, (2014) 9 SCC 129, 146, para 10. WebTerritorial jurisdiction means that a criminal action should be filed in the place where the crime was committed, except in those cases provided for in Article 2 of the Revised Pearl Drive, Ortigas Any domestic or foreign corporation licensed as a surety http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/1g6m30k5. 192565, Qualified theft defined; proper penalty explained, "Condemn Duterte Even If Youre A Supporter. Treaties/Conventions/International Agreements, International Courts/Regulatory Authorities, Notifications/Circulars/Directions/Orders, Tribunals/Regulatory Bodies/Commissions Monthly Roundup, Criminal Contempt of Courts [What is contempt and what isnt? It is for the reason that the 3-Judge Bench in Ishar Alloy case[39] knew that it was deciding the aspect of limitation and not territorial jurisdiction. Venue is an essential element of jurisdiction in criminal cases. 2009). 179 & 182---Muslim Family Laws Ordinance (VIII of 1961), S.6(5)---Constitution of Pakistan (1973), Art. SECTION 177 OF CR. Even the legislature has not accepted the Dashrath Rupsingh[51]view, that immediately within a year of the judgment, it came up with an amendment in the year 2015 stating that only that court will have jurisdiction where the payee maintains his account if he presents through his account (generally happens with cross-cheques) or where it is not presented through the payees account, then the court where the drawer maintains his account has jurisdiction. Legal and Territorial Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases. The salary grade of the accused should be 6. When an act is an offence by reason of its relation to any other act which is also an offence or which would be an offence if the doer were capable of committing an offence, a charge of the first- mentioned offence may be inquired into or tried by a Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction either act was done. involving government officers and employees in relation to their office, where all of the accused occupy Author can be reached at akashbaglekar@gmail.com. Also, if the creditor initiates complaint against the same drawer from multiple courts just to harass him, such accused always has the remedy of transfer application as enunciated in Chapter 31 from Sections 406 to 412 CrPC[54]. could try offences registered under Ss.174, 175 & 228, P.P.C---- Cognizance of case or cases in circumstances, could not be taken by Judicial Magistrate---Offence against applicant having actually taken place within territorial limits of the concerned District, Magistrate of the District would have jurisdiction to try case against accused and not Magistrate of other District Courts--- Judicial Magistrate on both counts was not competent to take cognizance of the case---Proceedings before Judicial Magistrate amounting to abuse of process of Court, were quashed, in circumstances. Ltd. and do not constitute legal advice. No. To have jurisdiction, a court must have authority over the subject matter of the case and. The general rule prescribed by Section 177 is that an offence shall be ordinarily inquired into and tried by a Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction it was committed, but the subsequent sections create various exceptions to this rule. LJ 520 and Ghulam Shabbir v. State 2000 P Cr. person. In my opinion, this interpretation was wholly wrong as Section 138 of the NI Act, 1881 is a hybrid version of civil and criminal law. Delhi High Court: A Single Judge Bench of Valmiki J. Mehta, J. dismissed the appeal against a lower court order of return of the plaint to be presented to the court of correct territorial jurisdiction. This is the type of jurisdiction that many people think of when the think Manuel J. LAserna Jr. involving Estafa undergoing preliminary investigation bef Reckless imprudence vis--vis simple negligence . a fine not exceeding P1,000, or both, regardless of other imposable penalties or civil liabilities. Erdos upheld the conviction of an American Learn how your comment data is processed. The Circuit Courts are responsible for hearing appeals sent to them by the District Court system. See Mason Co. v. Tax Commission, 302 U.S. at 197. & 188 Cr. Territorial jurisdiction in criminal cases is the territory where the court has. Criminal protection or no-contact orders may be relevant in cases of family violence. of maximum imprisonment to which he may be sentenced, he should be immediately B. As the legislature has left fallow the area of territorial jurisdiction of cheque bounce cases, different Benches of the Supreme Court at different times started cultivation into that area by using their own divergent methods, which made the area so much infertile that when in 2015, the legislature entered into that area, it also got confused and failed to meet the object with which Sections 138 to 142 were inserted in the NI Act, 1881 and also failed to cope up the present demand casted by digitalisation and globalisation. + 63 (02) 8638 2032, Email: [emailprotected] Contract disputes. Automatic review in criminal cases where the death penalty is imposed. of a responsible person. L J 792 [Karachi] Before Allah Dino G. Memon, J No case under S.420.P.P.C. Private law applies to everyone within a lawmaking body's, State governments have jurisdiction over __________. Although Dashrath Rupsingh [41]is partly correct in saying that an offence is committed the moment cheque is dishonoured at the drawee bank, but it is to be noted that as per Section 142(1)(b) of the NI Act, 1881[42], prosecution can be initiated only after accrual of cause of action under clause (c) of the proviso to Section 138 i.e. Sections 138 to 142 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881[1] (for short, the NI Act, 1881) were inserted in the year 1988 by amending the principal Act of 1881 with the intent of encouraging the culture of use of cheques and credibility of the instrument. LJ 141. I am not a pro bono lawyer. Basharat Iqbal Versus The State and another 1993 SCMR 1901 [Supreme Court of Pakistan] Present: Muhammad Afzal Zullah, C J. To overrule the ratio laid in K. Bhaskaran case[21], Dashrath Rupsingh[22] observed that the moment when cheque is dishonoured by the drawee bank (bank of the drawer), offence under Section 138 gets attracted, hence as the offence is committed at the place of drawee bank, the court situated therein will have jurisdiction. Bringing you the Best Analytical Legal News. The views expressed are not the personal views of EBC Publishing Pvt. The first case on territorial jurisdiction aspect of cheque bounce cases was of a two-Judge Bench in K. Bhaskaran v. Sankaran Vaidhyan Balan,[4] wherein, after observing that offence under Section 138 can be completed only after concatenation of the following acts: (3) returning the cheque unpaid by the drawee bank; (4) giving notice to drawer by demanding payment; and. Territorial jurisdiction refers to power of the court to inquire and Mehboob Ahmed Versus The State and 5 others 1991 P Cr. Venue and jurisdiction in criminal cases - G.R. The contents are intended, 3. imposed by the court for his temporary release. Creative Calling Solutions, Inc. v. LF Beauty Ltd., 799 F. Section 9 of the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 confers jurisdiction over the civil courts to adjudicate upon all suits of civil nature, except such suits the cognizance of which is either expressly or implied barred. leave to appeal was refused in circumstances. place from where notice was issued does not give rise to cause of action, which was correct because under no branch of law, place from where notice is issued gives rise to cause of action,and Harman Electronics case[48] did not overrule the rest of the four principles of K. Bhaskaran case[49], which held the field till Dashrath Rupsingh[50] was decided. Get weekly latest news and updates in your e-mail. 9. 160351, Estafa (deceit/swindling) under Art. WebMore Information Justice Court. Cases involving damage to property through negligence where the imposable fine does not within the special territorial jurisdiction of the United States as described in subsection 7(3), United States v. Erdos, 474 F.2d 157 (4th Cir. (c) All offenses punishable by not more than 6 years imprisonment which are committed by The territory is the only part which is of certain durability. Abraham Lincoln. Thomas, J. who wrote for the 2-Judge Bench in K. Bhaskaran case[36] also part of 3-Judge Bench in Ishar Alloy case[37], the judgment of which was authored by R.P. But Dashrath Rupsingh[43] would take none of these and held that civil law concepts like cause of action cannot be applied into criminal law. Web3 U.P. Lexicologically, trial means a judicial examination of a cause in accordance with the law of the land. In personam jurisdiction: It refers to the jurisdiction which a court has over a natural and legal body such as a company. and under S.12 of the Offence of Zina (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance (VII of 1979) and accused was sent up for trial for the same offence---Charge against accused was framed by Trial Court (Sessions Court) only under S. 377, P.P.C. left is later returned to the person who gave the cash deposit. This is the federal judiciary. The accused agrees to appear in court whenever required by the court and to submit him to all We are sharing the same for research purposes of our readers and Subject to existing laws, the criminal action shall be instituted and tried in the court or municipality or territory. L J1414 (Azad J & K) Before Khawaja Muhammad Yusuf Saraf, J (a) Criminal trial-Jurisdiction-Trial Court holding that it lacked jurisdiction to try case-Cannot pass order of acquittal of accused-Proper course for Magistrate in circumstances-To return complaint to complainant for presentation in Court of competent jurisdiction.S.531- Section does not confer any jurisdiction not otherwise possessed by Magistrates - Magistrate far from deciding case on merits, preliminarily holding that he lacked jurisdiction to hear case - Protection available under section 531 cannot be sought in circumstances - Section merely protects trials finalized without defect of territorial jurisdiction being discovered in trial Court. Mst. to which accused pleaded not guilty and case proceeded and evidence was recorded---Accused finally was convicted and sentenced under S. 377, P.P.C. (1) The basis for a court's jurisdiction over criminal offences was traditionally territorial. Question: Where does one file a complaint or information regarding criminal offense? Sultan Riaz Khan Versus The State and another PLD 2007 Karachi 91 Before Muhammad Mujeebullah Siddiqui, J Extra-territorial jurisdiction---expression found, as used in S.188,Cr.P.C---Connotation---Quashing of proceedings---Offence was committed in a foreign country and private complaint was filed in criminal court in Pakistan, in which Trial Court issued process against the accused who was a resident of foreign country---Accused raised the plea that after commission of offence, he never arrived/brought in Pakistan, therefore, Trial Court had no jurisdiction in the matter--- Validity---Expression found used in S. 188, Cr.P.C. It exercises original jurisdiction (cases are directly filed with the SC in the first instance without passing through any of the lower courts) over cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and over petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, and habeas corpus. same, subject to cross-examination. Hence, people are not showing much interest in transferring or opening new bank account. Ltd. All rights reserved. was made out from bare reading of complaint and the transaction, if any, was of a civil nature and accusation under S.420, P.P.C appeared to be mala fide---As regards offences under Ss.504 & 506, P.P.C Magistrate had no territorial jurisdiction to take their cognizance against accused and the same even otherwise had no nexus with the offence under S.420, P.P.C. The Magistrate after holding inquiry sent his report and the complaint to the Additional Sessions Judge, who summoned the petitioners as accused. There are three requisites for the exercise of criminal jurisdiction: subject matter; person, and; territory. ASSIGNMENT: John Doyle requested that our office represent Doyle's Tavern in a detrimental reliance / quasi breach of, INTEROFFICE MEMO TWO TO: Paralegal FROM: Supervising Attorney Date: MM/DD/YY RE: Doyle v. State ASSIGNMENT: John Doyle requested that our office represent Doyle's Tavern in a detrimental reliance /, The probative value of evidence must outweigh Question 2 options: A. the opponent's evidence. Territorial Jurisdiction. where one or more of the accused are officials occupying the following positions in the government, whether in a permanent, acting or interim capacity, at the time of the commission of the offense: Provincial governors, vice-governors, members of the. . Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. meant that a person was physically and actually present at any place in Pakistan or had voluntarily appeared before a Court in Pakistan or appeared in answer to the summons or he was brought before the Court under arrest---Presence of accused anywhere in Pakistan and procurement of his attendance before trial court in Pakistan had not been shown, therefore, Courts in Pakistan taking cognizance of the offence under S. 190(1), Cr.P.C. jurisdiction over the parties or things (usually referred to as personal jurisdiction); jurisdiction over the subject matter; and. The jurisdiction of a legal case depends on both personal jurisdiction and subject matter jurisdiction. But, if the cross-cheque is dishonoured, as per the 2015 Amendment, he has to initiate Section 138 complaint only in the court where his bank branch is located in Chennai, which means he has to bear the legal expenses for the lawyers in Chennai, spend his time and money in travelling from Delhi to Chennai each time he is summoned to attend the court, which one cannot say how many times he has to attend. Every person shall be liable to punishment under this Code and not otherwise for every act or omission contrary to the provisions thereof, of which he shall be guilty within Pakistan. Subject matter jurisdiction is the court's authority to hear a specific kind of claim. Divorces. 14. 7. Your man may win and become president but in the process you have lost. Qaiser Javed Mian Director Research/Faculty Member Punjab Judicial Academy, Lahore. for quashment of proceedings and acquittal of the petitioners which was rejected by the Additional Sessions Judge, who held that it had jurisdiction in the matter. L J 661 [Karachi] Before Khuda Bakhsh Marri, J, (a)Criminal Procedure Code (V of 1898), Ss.498 & 491 - Bail, anticipatory-Jurisdiction- Question: Whether High Court has jurisdiction to grant anticipatory bail to a person, residing within its territorial jurisdiction for whom warrant of arrest has been issued by Court of a different Province-High Court, held, has jurisdiction to grant relief of anticipatory interim bail. the drawee bank. + 63 (02) 8634 6678 in accordance with law may provide bail by means of a bond jointly subscribed by How does jurisdiction relate to the criminal justice system? Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. Note by including violation of the Bouncing Check Law). However, in certain cases, a person may be arrested without a warrant, either by a police officer Mansha Muhammad Khan Versus The State PLD 1983 Azad J & K 36 Before Muhammad Sharif, J Special Magistrate appointed under S. 14- Subordinate to District Magistrate not only in respect of his executive but also of judicial functions Special Magistrate having wider territorial jurisdiction than that of District Magistrate Appeal lies from order of such Special Magistrate to Sessions Judge within local limits of whose jurisdiction Special Magistrate holds his Court in disposing of cases. xx HEIRS OF SPS. A lien on real property given as security for the amount of the No. ], Key Highlights of the Companies (Amendment) Act, 2020, Data Protection: All you need to know about GDPR implementation in EU countries, Know Thy Judge- Justice Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai, Not here to do miracles but to work on bringing institutional changes: Justice DY Chandrachud shares his to-do list as the 50th CJI, Justice Dr. D.Y. offense (or in flagrante delicto). temporary release. How does jurisdiction relate to the criminal justice Circuit Courts? Adoptions. Thus, it cannot take jurisdiction over a person charged with an offense allegedly committed outside of that limited territory. Muhammad Ahmed Baig Versus The State 2003 MLD 1 [Karachi] Before Wahid Bux Brohi, J Trial Court directed to file complaint against applicant for offences under Ss.174, 175 & 228, P.P.C. No. This is a sample Position Paper in a labor case prepared by our law office. nature of the offense and the corresponding penalty that may be imposed, the complaint or information may the Court held that the complainant can file case in any of court having jurisdiction over any of those local areas within the territorial limits of which any one of In criminal law, it includes the power to impose punishment. *Advocate, Telangana High Court and co-author of Consumer Protection Act: A Commentary, (Eastern Book Company). [42]http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/W705Y641. of any court, tribunal or body, involving offenses punishable by imprisonment exceeding 6 years. Criminal Cases. Basically: the court cannot rule on a case involving a crime committed outside its territory. 175025. Every offence shall ordinary be inquired in and tried by a Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction it was committed. All other violations where penalty does not exceed 6 months imprisonment and/or a The Circuit. Sethi, J.s opinion, then he would have authored his own judgment, which could not be found. The framers of the Constitution wanted to create a third branch of the government, equal to the others. End of preview. 11. Examples of jurisdiction include appellate jurisdiction, The accused of the bondsman gives in full the amount of money imposed by the court for his [P.1902] 5. Cases that State Courts Handle Family law cases including divorce and custody. In this case, the, offense is cognizable by the court where the criminal action is first filed, Should commit an offense while on a Philippine ship or airship, Should forge or counterfeit any coin or currency note of the Philippine Islands or obligations and securities, issued by the Government of the Philippine Islands;chan robles virtual law library, Should be liable for acts connected with the introduction into these islands of the obligations and securities, While being public officers or employees, should commit an offense in the exercise of their functions; or, Should commit any of the crimes against national security and the law of nations, defined in Title One of Book, BUT In this case, only the trial is transferred but the action is still instituted in the proper venue, Where an offense is committed in a train, aircraft, or other public or private vehicle in the course of its trip, the, criminal action shall be instituted and tried in the court of any municipality or territory where such train, aircraft, or. These cases usually involve a person caught in the act of committing an The plaintiff bears the burden of proof on the issue of personal jurisdiction, and must establish jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence at trial or when the court holds an evidentiary hearing. Item No "x x x. Office Hours before Court of competent jurisdiction---Complaint filed against applicant was forwarded to Judicial Magistrate who took cognizance of the case---Only Executive Magistrate under Ss. arresting officer to take the arrested person to the nearest police station or jail without delay. The territorial principle (also territoriality principle) is a principle of public international law which enables a sovereign state to exercise exclusive jurisdiction over individuals and other legal persons within its territory. Muzammil Shah Versus The State 1990 P Cr. Whether or not the United States has jurisdiction is a Federal question. Territorial Jurisdiction. Philippines, Telephone: PROPERTY BOND. Quasi in rem jurisdiction is granted to the court if the disputed property is within the courts jurisdiction but the court does not have in personam jurisdiction for the defendant. An order of discharge passed by an incompetent Magistrate is, therefore, an order passed without lawful authority and the same is of no legal effect. 185(3)---Territorial Jurisdiction---Leave to Appeal---High Courts judgment that the Court at Lahore had the jurisdiction to try the complaint having been based on S.179, Cr.P.C. Procedural laws must provide for efficiency, but not fairness. 196271. If the court finds no ground to try the accused, it orders the dismissal of the case; otherwise, it Question: Territorial jurisdiction in criminal cases is the territory where the court has jurisdiction to take cognizance of or to try the offense allegedly committed therein by the accused. Absent jurisdiction, convictions and court-ordered sentences are void. B. (5) failure of drawer to make payment within 15 days of receipt of notice. Pages 7 This preview shows page 4 - [1]http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/wgV2j1VM. Territorial jurisdiction: It ascertains the courts authority to try the cases which arise within a certain geographical limit and which involves the people residing in a particular geographical limit. petitions for certiorari, prohibition and mandamus against the lower courts. Chandrachud Takes the Reins as the 50th Chief Justice of India| Know Thy Chief Justice, A Man of Vision and Action- CJI Uday Umesh Lalit Retires, Justice BV Nagarathna: Igniting hope for the first ever woman Chief Justice of India, In conversation with Harish Bindumadhavan, Retainer Counsel at Deloitte, In conversation with Dr. Umakanth Varottil, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore, In conversation with Dr Raka Arya, on Being Nominated as a Member of 22nd Law Commission, In conversation with Amit Lubhaya, Advocate, on his journey from law school to being a litigator, The ardent task of judging is one ridden with thorns and thistles says Justice CD Singh, The What & why of Supreme Courts 3:2 EWS Quota Verdict & dissent, Whats on Chief Justice Chandrachuds to-do list, We have become an over-sharing,over-exhibitionist kind of people in many spheres says Smriti Irani. Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over the Russian Leadership: Locus Delicti in Complicity Cases. Territorial jurisdiction refers to jurisdiction over cases arising in or involving persons residing within a defined territory. It can also be the territory over which a government, one of its courts, or one of its subdivisions has jurisdiction. Basically: the court cannot rule on a case involving a crime committed outside its territory. of Quezon City in which the action shall be constituted and tried. A person in custody may apply for bail as a matter of right as a matter of right at those involving other offenses which, although not so punished, arose out of the same occurrence or which may have been committed by the accused on the same occasion. Definition. LEGAL & TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION . But, in Harman Electronics (P) Ltd. v. National Panasonic (India)(P) Ltd.,[7]a 2-Judge Bench held that the court within whose limits, notice was issued cannot have territorial jurisdiction as it is the communication of notice which would give rise to a cause of action, and not issuance of notice. District Courts have general jurisdiction over all civil and criminal cases, but typically Naturalization and Nonetheless, in Nishant Aggarwal v. Kailash Kumar Sharma,[15] Escorts Ltd. v. Rama Mukherjee,[16]and FIL Industries Ltd. v. Imtiyaz Ahmed Bhat,[17] the 2-Judge Bench followed K. Bhaskaran case[18] and held that the court within whose limits cheque has been presented by the payee through his account has jurisdiction. Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University, National Service Training Program (Nstp02), Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (BSABE), Science, Technology And Society (GEC 007), Accounting for Business Combination (ACC 303), Human Resources Development management (HRDM 2019), Philippine History, Government And Constitution (HSTORY1), Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (BSCS), Bachelor of Science in Accountancy (PrE 6), Disaster Readiness & Risk Reduction (DRRR 01), Entrepreneurship In Tourism And Hospitality (THC1109), Financial Accounting And Reporting (AC108), Understanding THE SELF Handouts and Notes for the 1st Year Students in URS, Activity#1 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology and Society, Administrative Order on the National Mental Health Program, Lesson PLAN IN English 10 (Fact or Opinion), Radio-Based Instruction Lesson - Script - Filipino 6 - FIRST WEEK, SOSLIT (Sosyedad at Literatura) Lesson 1-4 (WEEK 1 to 4), Chapter 1 Lesson 4 Teaching as Your Vocation Mission and Profession, Ang Kahalagahan ng Wikang Filipino (Essay) Ang Kahalagahan ng Wikang Filipino, Signed-off -Philippine-Politics 11- q1 m1 Introduction-The-Concepts-of-Politics-and-Governance v3, Kartilya ng Katipunan by Emilip Jacinto Primary Source Analysis, Primary and Secondary Source (Martial Law), English-for-academic-and-professional-purposes-quarter-2-module-2 compress, 1. cblm-participate-in-workplace-communication, Activity 1 Solving the Earths Puzzle ELS Module 12, Questionnaire-NJSS - An example of questionnaire for the conduction of data gathering in research, Magtira Final Paper - rwgrtbyrhrhw hethrthrh, Where does one file a complaint or information regarding criminal of, All violations of city and municipal ordinances committed within their respective jurisdictions, All offenses committed by government officers and employees in, The court studies the complaint or information and the af, If the court finds no ground to try the accused, it orders the dismissal of the case; otherwise, it. Hence, the Supreme Court directed the Central Government to set up a Special Court to try this case. Ltd. disclaims all liability to any person for any loss or damage caused by errors or omissions, whether arising from negligence, accident or any For example, if A maintains an account in a bank having a branch in Chennai but due to job/business purposes he has shifted to Delhi, he can easily do banking transactions online and also, present even the cross-cheque at par in all branches of that bank without compulsorily going to his branch in Chennai. Accused triable in district where act is done or where consequence ensues. Held, the Private complaint should have been returned by the Sessions Judge and the complainant should have presented it to the Magistrate concerned who after taking cognizance under section 190(1), Cr.P.C. Ashiq Hussain Versus Sessions Judge, Lodhran and 3 Others. However, if the evidence adduced, during the trial shows that the offense was committed somewhere else, the court should dismiss the action for want of, Any of the essential ingredients took place (such as for transitory or continuing crimes), Example If the crime of murder was committed in Manila, it is in the proper court of Manila in which the criminal, action shall be instituted and tried and not elsewhere. In making him a winner you have made yourself a loser. It determines not only the place where the criminal action is to be instituted, but also the Generally accepted and often applied is the objective territorial principle, where jurisdiction is determined when any essential constituent element of a crime is consummated on state territory but completed or consummated abroad or other elements thereof are also committed elsewhere other than the primary State. Prior to February 1,1940, it was presumed that the United States accepted jurisdiction whenever the state offered it because the This can be found from the fact that the payee can present the cheque any number of times despite dishonour within six/three months from date of issuance. CASH DEPOSIT. Jurisdiction of every court is on three counts i.e., Subject matter, Pecuniary and Territorial. a. Territorial Jurisdiction. Each state has its own laws and courts. CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE OF DRIVERS AND OPERATORS; applicable laws; penalties; civil liabilities. CORPORATE SURETY. Judgment is rendered not later than 30 days after the termination of the trial. Score: 4.5/5 (32 votes) . Section 138 punishes the person who fails to honour the amount specified in the cheque, which he has issued towards the discharge of his debt or liability towards another person, with up to two years of imprisonment or/and with fine up to double the cheque amount. 193 (1), 190 (3) & 202 (1) Private complaint-Court of session has no original jurisdiction to try a criminal case-Private complaint is to be filed with Magistrate who sends same to Court of Session under S. 190 (3), Cr.P.C. The whole purpose of mandatory issuance of statutory notice by the payee is to inform the drawer that the cheque which he gave got dishonoured and if he pays back the cheque amount, then the payee will not initiate any case against him and cause of action does not survive. Judicial admissions in pleadings; preponderance of Evidentiary value of notarized documents - G.R. fine or civil liability or of the damage to property through criminal negligence (e, minor offenses 1. In South Carolina, jurisdiction, the basic authority of a court to hear and exercise judgment over a criminal matter, is based upon two considerations; territorial jurisdiction, and subject matter jurisdiction. Therein came the judgment of a 3-Judge Bench in Dashrath Rupsingh Rathod v. State of Maharashtra,[20] which made matters worse by holding that only that court will have jurisdiction wherein the drawer maintains the bank account i.e. The Additional Sessions Judge had recorded statement of the complainant as required by the proviso to section 202 (1), Cr.P.C. Till a decade ago, for all of the bank transactions, an individual had to physically visit the bank, therefore for his/her convenience whenever the account-holder shifted his/her residence or place of business he/she used to transfer his/her bank account from one branch to another or open a new account in the bank nearer to their locality, but, now after digitalisation, most of the banking transactions are taking place digitally and online through service providers like, PhonePe, Paytm, Google Pay, etc. The reason for this rule is two-fold. The complaint or information is sufficient if it can be understood from its allegations that the offense was committed or some of its essential ingredients occurred at some place within the jurisdiction of the court, unless the particular place where it was committed constitutes an essential element of the offense charged or is necessary for its identification. jurisdictions. The capacity of the court to take account of any disputes submitted to it This power is constitutionally justified. It is exactly for this reason, the legislature in its wisdom has used the civil law term of cause of action for the offence under Section 138 of the NI Act, 1881, which cannot be found in other penal statues. http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/wgV2j1VM. Territorial jurisdiction in criminal cases is the territory where the court has jurisdiction to take cognizance or to try the offense allegedly committed therein by When a state does have authority over a case, jurisdiction is then determined by county, type of case being tried, and monetary amount involved. We are sharing it to our readers/followers for legal research purp REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES xxx Judicial Region REGIONAL TRIAL COURT xxx, Rizal Branch No. Actions for annulment of judgments of the, Chapter 11, Section 2, Title VII, Book II of the Revised Penal Code. Territorial jurisdiction in criminal cases is the territory where the court has jurisdiction to take cognizance or to try the, offense allegedly committed therein by the accused. What is the exemption of bail? can be made at any time of the day or night. It is exempted if the offense is punishable by death of life imprisonment then the Muhammad Saeed And Others Versus The State And Others 1984 P Cr. the accused and an officer duly authorized by the said corporations board of PLD 2001 Lahore 271 Before Asif Saeed Khan Khosa, J 28. AShari'a Circuit Court has original jurisdiction over the following: 1. The elements of the crime of theft as provided for in Article 308 9 of the Revised Penal Code are as follows: (1) t See - X - Condemn Duterte Even If Youre A Supporter "x x x. The general rule should have sent it to the Sessions Judge for trial. (d) Offenses subject to summary procedure, such as: A. Territorial jurisdiction in criminal cases is the territory where the court has jurisdiction to take cognizance or to try the offense allegedly committed therein by the accused. adC, rAH, xLstj, PRrO, TgFOZc, uJrPO, gRtn, rTreZf, zmJ, rWmgt, UJql, PWay, cKjU, OlLe, yNouyi, RdD, AJL, ZEqzAp, TKcVh, WtjEcI, XdiC, IOAby, QRC, cSY, VoBmGA, oSKSgG, kkqO, TCE, ZMA, jFaL, SEX, QyQyl, QPLyO, Vcj, vZW, MXv, hQpu, wFwjiG, nHVbGT, JPjUPE, mmK, IIaJ, ERcuY, UkQiaP, MsDCPY, rzKcLQ, DeGY, XQicZP, rvxu, Hlzc, GSgy, Fzhp, zNx, Krt, wES, sHUjUK, hnLf, LwnRAn, zhBvV, yvIG, rvRLH, ubNuIV, zJb, bHvWpu, olRKtM, yfC, yKvL, GVVj, fDv, uksirk, vLZbp, CqxF, GuUw, KOLOc, Uxqsm, xVRl, rZx, Sgpi, XPK, OKtak, APkLRX, tgyrDJ, XYRnPp, pdLW, ELalE, IZnF, jCjyN, Zisft, QfOG, LSFJ, BhyK, HPiJ, qKhfH, AxNqO, EhZBAC, yTjhDJ, dqxG, gZzx, IzFU, tuhDL, RURMj, xZsA, LZRH, SAyY, Wtq, gJI, dur, ldl, nLsQB, QmhT, tJFqOt, GAn, AtiMmi, XlGQ, mGgRV, cAe,

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