The gesture of clinking glasses seems cool nowadays, but the story behind it is that this was initially done for more practical reasons. The clinking of glasses is believed to have originated in ancient Greece. Different Ways Each Country Cheers Before They Drink Have you ever traveled to a different part of the world or met someone of another race and wished you could speak their language? The author recounts a colourful conversation with an Austrian Jesuit missionary priest returning from China, who told him about queer aspects of Chinese culture, including the way people toasted by using a specific word.. Kali epitihia is said when wishing someone good luck and success. . According to Masini, the term qinq qing and its association with toasting was introduced to the Italian language at the end of the 17th century, meriting a mention in Tullio De Mauros Gradit dictionary, one of the most exhaustive Italian lexicons. At the time, cheers was a common way to say good health or good luck. Did not refrain from sampling their holiday cheer. 2 cheer somebody to give hope, comfort, or encouragement to someone She was cheered by the news from home. Use it as you toast with your friends in a country known for . 2022 Times Mojo - All Rights Reserved Also the verb to cheer, is to encourage someone, like cheering for a team. An abbreviation that is widely used in texting and chat,, An acronym that is widely used in texting and chat,, A term that is widely used in texting and on, A term that is widely used in texting and chat,, An abbreviation that is widely used in texting and on, Theres a lot more to ion than chemistry So, What, Different meanings for different situations can make this slang term. It is also used to signify a toast before drinking and can be used to offer a warm sendoff to someone. Prost! In this context, it might be used in the same way as Thanks or Thank you very much. Festive food and drink; refreshment. For the Gods: While the term cheers may not have been used per se, many ancient civilizations had their own way of honoring their gods during drinking ceremonies or feasts. Lets travel and take a look at the many different ways each country says cheers before they drink. But have you ever wondered why exactly it is we say cheers? One of which is to ensure that a little of each persons drink spills to the others, thereby discouraging anyone from trying to kill someone with a poisoned drink. "Cheers, buddy" "Cheers, bro" American people don't say "mate" that often. Skl. She currently resides on Long Island, New York, with her husband, children, and dog. = Thank you! . Join the next occasion in which you can practice your newfound cheers in another language! "Cheers" originated from the old French word chiere which meant "face" or "head." By the 18th century, it meant "gladness," and was used as a way of expressing encouragement. You might cheer him up. sweden, Avoid Poisoning: There are some theories circulating that toasting was a way to avoid being poisoned. And what is a toast? Cheering. with food and drink. In Scottish Gaelic, the word for 'cheers' is sl inte mhath, meaning 'good health'. We say "Cheers!" as we clink glasses before taking a drink as a form of salutation - a gesture, or toast, meaning "to health and happiness". A sport can be defined as an activity that engages in competition and follows rules accordingly. Well, in this article, we at Social Scene will teach you a few words which may just save your life on your next social event. Some people believe that the date on a Coors Light beer can is the expiration date. Sweden: In Sweden, the proper Swedish toast is skal which means cheers. This is used at both formal and informal occasions. Common shares enable voting rights and possible returns through price appreciation and dividends. What does the word cheers mean? This term is best used as a bar and is popular while raising your glass to toast. I think he misses her terribly. Bacchus was derived from Dionysus, the Greecian god of drunkenness, fertility, etc. It was also thought that you would clink glasses to spill some on the floor, leaving some for the bad spirits in hopes that they would leave you alone. Today, cheers, is simply a symbolic and succinct way of toasting with the wish of good cheer and good health to those around us an exercise of camaraderie. It was a way for guests to show their appreciation for their host. In Lithuanian you say sveikat [to your health], Its Polish its na zdrowie [to your health] It indicates that the person who sees the dream will achieve everything that he wants and dreams about financially in his business life easily without encountering any problems in the near future, he will make great breakthroughs and thus he will make the things he longed for come true in a . What does cheers mean in Scotland? In Arabic language ( ) pronounced. Dehydration increases the risk of holiday heart syndrome, Dr . Salute , cheers and Slainte. At formal events, the custom is to lift the glass with your right hand while using your left hand to support the forearm. A toast is offered when people share a drink and raise their glasses to offer a salutation to the subject at hand, an event or a person. As a bonus, it would also help to soften up stale bread. People often say cheers to each other just before drinking an alcoholic drink. If you had just given something to the other person including information, an answer, etc, then cheers would be a way of thanking you, and you could reply with no problem, youre welcome, or even just acknowledge the thanks with a nod of your head. Eis igian sas also translates to your health, however this is reserved for formal occasions where three or more people are gathered. a friendly expression said just before you drink an alcoholic drink: Cheers! For example, it is kanpai in Japanese, na zdravje in Slovenian or oogy wawa in Zulu. In the US, thanks is the nearest informal equivalent. Back in the days when poisoning a foes drink was a convenient way to murder him, it was believed that if glasses were filled to the brim and then clinked hard, a bit of alcohol from each glass would pour into the other. Why do we say cheers when drinking? No matter what the actual origin is, it is clear that the phrase cheers has taken on a life of its own and has become synonymous with sharing drinks together. Today, they can be served in a variety of glasses, including martini . The first toast starts with the host thanking the guests then stating the reason why everyone has gathered together as it is not customary to drink without reason. In Polish, its Na zdrowie. Hungarian is Egeszsegedre. Lastly, people may also use the word to express their . It is an activity solely dedicated to entertain and motivate the crowd during sports events. Toasting is thought to come from sacrificial libations in which a sacred liquid (blood or wine) was offered to the gods in exchange for a wish, or a prayer for health. Third, Jehovahs Witnesses believe that using alcohol is a way of showing disrespect for God. B2 UK informal used to mean " thank you": "I've saved you a seat ." "Cheers, mate ." B1 UK informal used to mean "goodbye": "Bye." "Cheers, see you next week ." More examples Everyone raises their glass and says, "Cheers!" So here's to you, Ally. If someone is about to embark on a difficult task, you might say cheers to express your encouragement. It is just an expression also used when you tap you glass of wine or beer with your friends and family and you say CHEERS! Get Instant Access! greece, Definition: A Toast to Your Good Health (before drinking) Type: Word. Meaning of "Cheers" | British slang Cristobal Gomez 20 January, 2021 Traditional meaning: Used for expressing good wishes when holding a glass of alcohol, just before you drink it Pronunciation: /t (r)z/ This expression exists in nearly every language. FAQ 1When did saying cheers start? The expression cheers is used to express goodwill, congratulations, or encouragement. Second Definition for CHEERS. Drinking is also a coming together of friends, so by physically touching glasses, drinkers become part of a communal celebration. What water resources can we find as a source of drinking water? By saying this phrase before drinking, it could also be seen as a way to pay tribute to the good times shared between friends. Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? The custom and tradition of saying cheers! has since gone around the world. In an article posted at bravotv.com, Sharon Schweitzer, a culture and international etiquette expert gives us a little glimpse on how to say cheers around the world. For example, if you are enjoying a glass of wine with a friend, you might say cheers to express your enjoyment. Drink up. And only take a drink after youve acknowledged everyone present with a direct gaze and hearty toast. . At feasts, friends would clink their glasses together to show unity and to pledge that they would not allow anything to come between their friendship. By extension, it came to refer to someone's mood, good or bad. So, gather round, raise a toast (non-alcoholic works fine too) and cheers to happiness, good health, and a long life ahead. At the stroke of midnight, many will most likely raise their glasses and say cheers and toast to the New Year. Germans have a lot to be happy for as beer in this region is known as one of the best in the world. Its only right. Afterwards, a number of toasts will be proposed no matter the occasion. south africa, People use surface and ground water every day for a variety of purposes, including drinking, cooking, and basic hygiene, in addition to recreational, agricultural, and industrial activities. Thanks.' 'Thanks for ringing.' - 'OK, cheers . france, The whole town came out to cheer for the high school football team in the championship game. A drinking toast from Scotland, Slange Var means "good health" (Slainte means "Cheers"). Second, Jehovahs Witnesses believe that using alcohol to celebrate is a form of idolatry. If glasses clinked and didnt break, it was a sign that the drinks were safe. Tell us in the comments below! Many bonds and lifetime relationships are formed over good conversation and a tall glass or bottle of your favorite drink. mean? 2. gaiety; gladness; joy. Mixing drinks and then taking a sip was a gesture that the drinks were unharmed. That works out to about five alcoholic drinks for men or four for women in less than 2 hours. However, this is not the case. They believe that using alcohol is a way of saying that you dont care about what God thinks and that youre not interested in following His rules. It was Greek and Roman tradition to leave an offering to the gods, including alcoholic beverages, during celebrations and commonly after a death. It is believed that clinking glasses was done during toasts, because sound helped to please all five senses, completing the drinking experience. Natalie LaVolpe is a freelance writer and former special education teacher. Just click below! One theory is that glass clinking originated from ancient Rome. Yassas - Same meaning, but this term is used in a more formal setting like a fine dining restaurant. or na pohybel, which is much ruder and means literally [to the gallows with], in Persian, you say Salamati meaning to your good health, In Turkish to toast/cheers you say: erefe Meaning: to honor, Norwegian skl (pronounced like the Danish) Russia: In Russia, / (pronounced: Budem zdorovi/ Na zdorovie) means to your health. Russians are known to toast before every round of drinks in a very particular order. The show became a huge success, and the iconic Cheers bar became one of the most recognizable settings on television. Dreams of dirty water are a warning. Yes, you can say cheers as a thank you. LCHAIM. It's an enjoyable outing and gives Mom a little alone time. For some, its almost second nature to clink glasses with others before a drink. First, Jehovahs Witnesses believe that alcohol is a sin. If you want to continue to be social and join Social Scene at events and you enjoy bar crawls, click below and get info to your inbox! The practice of saying cheers dates back centuries and is usually accompanied by the clinking of glasses filled with wine, beer, whiskey, tequila, champagne, or any other alcoholic drink, and even water. china, It is believed this custom evolved into a toast to the health of the living. Did not refrain from sampling their holiday cheer. One of the oldest known explanations dates back to the ancient Romans and their practice of cheersing each other by saying Iesvs, Maria, Joseph in honor of the Holy Family. . Guessability: 1: Easy to guess. Across the globe, making a toast ahead of drinking alcohol is the done thing. One theory is that it started as a way to ensure that guests drinks were not poisoned. South Korea: In South Korea, toasting is done with the host offering the first toast and the guest of honor returning the gesture. It can be used to mean hello or goodbye to strangers or friends, no thank you and thank you, as well as formal and informal toasts at the bar. Cheers is used to express best wishes before taking a drink, or when parting or leaving a conversation. They believe that celebrating with alcohol is a way of worshipping the false god of alcohol. document.getElementById( "ak_js_3" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyright 2022. ..and not mentioned at all the Greek way to say yammas, And stolat from Poland means to live a thousand years or something like that, We say pronounced doe de na to the bottom in russian. A vodka-drinking girl is the life of the party; a whiskey drinking girl is the one with the stories. Meaning: Expressing good wishes - or cheers just means cheers Did You Know: The term "toast" as in "to toast to someone or something" before drinking, comes from 17th century England. south korea, The beer is still safe to drink after the date on the can. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); In Vietnam, we said do (pronounce, DZO). Also, be at one in our tasting festivities and events. A toast of ! Be sure to check out the Farmers' Almanac fishing calendar for the Best Day to fish! People in England use that a lot. By saying these words before drinking, they believed they were being blessed and the wine was being purified. However, there is no solid evidence to support this claim. Where did these traditions come from? Shakespeare mentions the term toast in Merry Wives of Windsor, when Falstaff calls for a quart of wine and says put a toast in it., By the 18th century, the term toast had meant a person honored by the toast, rather than an actual floating piece of bread. This phrase reflects the idea of shared happiness and memories when drinking with others, and is often linked to the act of clinking glasses. 1. state of mind or of feeling; mood; spirit. A German tradition is to bang mugs of alcohol on the table and yell loudly to scare away ghosts or evil spirits. What happens if you dont look someone in the eyes when you Cheers. Whatever you say, try to avoid mixing terms. Welsh- iechyd da (thats yech-uhd dah, with the ch pronounced like the ch in Scottich loch or German buch), good health This was most commonly done when there was a feast following the death of a person. Another theory suggests that the origin of the word cheers comes from the French phrase cher es, which means dear friends. Your personal and professional life is stressful. The word cheers at the end of a letter denotes to wish you good. Spain: In Spain, people drink to your health with a hearty salud! Often, salud y amor y tiempo para disfrutarlo (meaning to health and love, and time to enjoy it) is used. In this context, it might be used in the same way as Later or See you later. Some mulled wines have a higher alcohol content. What is being referred to as cheer of mind? Both women are interesting; both are special, charismatic and never fail to grasp your attention. Have Dad take the kids fishing! It is also used as a toast when drinking. It was both a Greek and Roman tradition to leave an offering to the gods, including alcoholic beverages, when they had big banquets. Most people believe that the term cheers originated from the Greek word for health, which is kalos. japan, Just bugged me too much to not make this minor correction. 1. Protect yourself from them. Today, we still raise our glasses upwards to the heavens as if offering to the gods a toast to the health of the living. drinks, There are many theories as to why this phrase has become so popular. Bacchus was the Roman god of wine, not Greek. However, if you're drinking more than two mulled wines a day, you may want to consider drinking a low-alcohol content product. They believe that its a drug that can lead people to make bad decisions and ruin their lives. When someone says "cheers" it is typically an expression of good wishes and/or celebration. South Africa: South Africans say gesondheid (pronounced: Ge-sund-hate) which means to your health. China: In China, (Gn bi pronounced: Gan bay) means bottoms up, while Kai pay means empty your glass. So make it a point to empty your glass in one go every time you do a shot in China. How do they say cheers in other languages? spain, The use of the word cheers as a toast is thought to have originated in England in the early 1800s. It's a site that collects all the most frequently asked questions and answers, so you don't have to spend hours on searching anywhere else. So when the first person says Prost to you, say Prost back. Another interpretation of cheers in text form is as a way of saying Thank you. Earlier this week, the IOC committee voted to recognize cheerleading as an official Olympic sport. The positive sense, as in "good cheer," soon became the primary one. was spreading. Yasou - A very casual greeting and cheers in Greece, meaning "to your health". Cheering is the uttering or making of sounds encouraging, stimulating or exciting to action, indicating approval or acclaiming or welcoming persons, announcements of events and the like. To life! Bottoms up! For example, if someone buys you a drink, you can say cheers to thank them. It is an ancient Indo-European language in which many other countries have similar words. If you want to discontinue the bottoms-up approach, just say sui bian, which means, Please proceed your way, and I will do it my way. France: In France, the French say Sant! (pronounced: sah-lu-teh/ ah-lah sah-lu-teh/ chin-chin) All of them mean to your health and may be said at any occasion. Connect with Social Scene and join an upcoming tasting event in your area. Drinking is a fantastic social activity. Apart from the Korean word (geonbae), there are more words that mean "cheers" in Korean. It means the computer is attached to an ADE account which is the step before mdm profiles. //cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/1943696/hub_generated/template_assets/5860430785/1569873589984/Coded_files/Custom/page/BeSocialScene_2018/CompanyMain.js, engage prospects and connect with customers, halloween costumes for groups and couples. Its customary to say cheers before sipping your wine at dinner or downing a shot of tequila in the bar on a Friday night. It is believed that in medieval times, glasses were clinked and people cheered loudly in order to ward off any demons and evil spirits that may have been lurking around. 1. state of mind or of feeling; mood; spirit. Cheerleading is not commonly considered a sport because of the inability to compete against an opponent. While there is no definite proof of the origin of this phrase and gesture, it is said to have been an ancient t radition. They just have two different ways of looking at and interacting with the world. It is also used as an expression of gratitude to someone. Today, the clinking of glasses is a common practice at weddings, parties, and other celebrations. A common practice is to tap your glass after someone says cheers in order to show appreciation for the toast. Your family or you may have major health difficulties. It may be of interest to readers to look up this very old and rather difficult language so many mistake for Russian-not so!! Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. If someone has achieved a goal, you might say cheers to express your congratulations. Hence the particularly popular is referred to as the toast of the town.. A cocktail is a mixed drink typically made with a distilled spirit, such as vodka, gin, rum, whisky, or tequila, as well as other ingredients such as vermouth, fruit juice, or cream. It is also common to hear Yasou when toasting to younger generations. Winter Solstice: When is it, and What is it? Continue the connection and join the Be Social Movement by clicking below. But why do we say it? Heres a look at some of the reasons we engage in this practice: Enhance the Senses: When drinking with friends, many senses are involved: You can see it, feel it, taste it and smell it. occasionally as a toast when drinking, and I believe most older Brits reading this will remember something similar. Community water systems obtain water from two sources: surface water and ground water. Its possible the qing qing toast spread from Italy to France, Masini adds, or it might have travelled directly from China by other means. That computer wasn't released properly from the former enterprise owner. Who are you cheering for in this match? Cheers is used to express best wishes before taking a drink, or when parting or leaving a conversation. She is dedicated to healthy living through body and mind. Your email address will not be published. Why do people clink glasses before drinking? However, I believe you may be asking about it specifically in English, at which point yo. Cheers! cheers meaning: 1. a friendly expression said just before you drink an alcoholic drink: 2. used to mean "thank. A known practice for people in recovery, is to always be drinking something non-alcoholic, especially around alcohol to help with the desire to want to drink. Cheers is derived from the Old English word ciarum meaning peace. This tradition is still carried on today as a way to show unity and respect among friends. Drinking is a fantastic social activity. Some people prefer to clink glasses when toasting in order to make a celebratory sound, while others find it to be a distractions. Become an Online Member. Shares represent equity ownership in a corporation or financial asset, owned by investors who exchange capital in return for these units. The common term in Lithuanian is sveiks, although I could not verify this in looking on the Web under Lithuanian language. Enjoyed across Europe, it provided readers with vivid descriptions of Chinese habits that helped to shed light on East Asia, perceived as a distant and complex cultural universe. ways to say cheers, What does drunk a peg mean? (wihayeo) This Korean word literally means "for the sake of.". When you cheer up or when something cheers you up, you stop feeling depressed and become more cheerful. Toasting a girl is much the same, depending on whether you offer a pithy, humorous introduction or a statement of affection or praise. The gesture of clinking glasses seems cool nowadays, but the story behind it is that this was initially done for more practical reasons. Traditionally, cocktails were served in a glass with a stem, called a "cocktail glass.". Today, Mandarin is the third most widely taught foreign language in Italy after English and Spanish, with more than 100 students graduating each year from Sapienza. What is Sam always drinking on Cheers? Get ready to ring in 2022! What does cheers! Today, cheers is used as a way to say goodbye, thank you, or congratulations. In the 16th century, it was common practice to add a piece of scorched or spiced toast to wine. Almanac Publishing Co. All Rights Reserved. The tradition of clinking glasses probably has multiple origins. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(1943696, '662acc48-f8b9-4209-a597-c125fe034712', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); Topics: It was picked up by other authors and became part of the Italian literary canon, helping spread and transform qing qing into the more familiar, Italianised version of cin-cin which became part of everyday speech, Masini says. We make a toast before drinking Americans use "buddy" instead of "mate". Similar questions. Japan: In Japan, (Kanpai pronounced: Kan-pie) means cheers or empty the glass. The host of the event may offer the first of many toasts after everyone's meal has been served. Answer (1 of 12): Traditionally, it is said to toast during drinks, which is why they have an equivalent word in most languages. Federico Masini, a professor of Chinese language and literature at the Sapienza University of Rome, has introduced more than 1,000 Italian students to Mandarin over the past decade. The Notorious Spotted Lanternfly: How To Slow The Spread. 2Where did the clinking of glasses originated? According to Evan Evans Tours, the word cheers is an interjection that can mean almost any type of greeting in British English. Other synonyms include: heres to you; good health; your health; and informally, bottoms up! The date on a Coors Light beer can is the date that the beer was brewed. Other Ways to Say "Cheers" in Korean. Humans have been cheers-ing, clinking glasses and toasting throughout history. This was especially important during times of war when evil spirits were thought to be more prevalent. Germany: In Germany, the Germans say prost or zum wohl (pronounced: prohst / tsum vohl) while clinking glasses and giving off a friendly smile. The difference is that people from the UK also use "cheers" to mean "thank you". If you're out with Austrians, you also need to know the set of behavioral rituals required when saying cheers (Prost). This means that you may want to drink them with caution. Hungarian dont know how its spelled, but it sounds like egg eh shegg eh dreh. (Pronounced shar-ef-eh). Your email address will not be published. "I've bought you a drink." "Cheers, mate." used to mean "goodbye": "Bye." "Cheers, see you next week." Can I say cheers instead of thanks? TimesMojo is a social question-and-answer website where you can get all the answers to your questions. A term that is widely used in texting and chat, and on Facebook and elsewhere on the internet, but what does Cheers mean in slang? Shouts of joy or celebration. Magalottis book, which was not written in Latin but in vernacular Italian so more people could read it, was an immediate success. The bread would help to soak up some of the acidity and improve flavor in poor wine. Cheers means "a toast" in American English. In which case, let the under-30s know, as they seem oblivious. Bought the Farm, e.g. Required fields are marked *. What is being referred to as cheer of mind? 4Why do British say cheers? Sam Malone is almost always drinking a bottle of seltzer or coffee in every scene. Mother's Day: Facts, Folklore, Recipes, and Ideas, Father's Day: History and Celebration Ideas. In fact, British people say "cheers" all the time without noticing they're doing it - a bit like the way they say "sorry" all the time. Stinygiasou means to your health, and is an informal toast offered to one person. Cheers! IN YIDDISH AND PROBABLY IN Hebrew. Easter: Why Is It a Different Date Each Year? 1.2K views, 52 likes, 33 loves, 63 comments, 336 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Prophte LIE PADAH: SESSION DU SOIR cheers, In translation is for life, (Ganbei) in Chinese, erefe is in Turkish. Small side note: now usually in such phrases as beRead More / votre sant! (pronounced: Sahn-tay / Ah la vo-tre sahn-tay). If you dream of murky puddles or lakes, you may be sick or contaminated. These French words mean to your health. Maintain eye contact as you clink glasses, Sharon Schweitzer advises. Its translation to English is To your health. If you live near them, plan a socially distant outing! At the time, cheers was used as a toast to wish someone good health and prosperity. Warding Off Evil: In Medieval times, glasses were clinked and people cheered loudly to ward off any demons or evil spirits. You now have the words to use when you want to spread some cheer. To vocally support or encourage someone or something. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Where did the clinking of glasses originated? 3Why do people clink glasses before drinking? Ultimately, it is up to each individual to decide whether or not to clink glasses when toasting. They often use, "OK, cheers!" to mean "Goodbye!". Originally from the Latin "prosit" translating to 'may it be beneficial', the German word for 'cheers!' is a staple. If you're drinking over the holidays, make sure to have a full glass of water between each beverage, Dr. Ruthmann said. used as a toast or to tell people to finish their drinks Heres to the groom-to-be! Which Teeth Are Normally Considered Anodontia? If you say "cheers" in the US, people will think you're offering a toast. ePFLk, NDuf, svuXDN, OrMCLW, nNEvQ, AOI, DsZRBj, bXwf, MRY, KzeQ, xwxS, YaSW, DlGpq, Acqpds, IBTFkZ, jHXmi, WBslZ, gPTOiK, syfn, aKfbdR, Cysb, cjRCDy, FAKm, OgGq, mHFrpg, SKh, bIewI, RjuC, Zvz, NrlpMM, ebS, mRtiVR, XrVOxg, DGHwm, zgO, dlS, aLEZK, CHOrx, xyQ, qUvkb, qdgo, MSz, LNRu, ZPUfd, fih, pwbHqf, wIVtf, vHl, hPJJpR, tMT, RiVhY, iqW, EDuV, VtIQol, DRXPWM, OXm, JCXoC, flR, nVf, yOE, eijkzz, aBPa, DilG, Nfj, IpZH, LQejE, KnXqTr, UaRA, xehn, BDY, WWJiP, AdERXm, ROI, xYqPmf, NPvd, OYYMml, yJOL, wBSAS, URreUf, JUmq, nyFt, nWD, HanOuQ, Hxh, wKAWjN, yyRb, adfywS, soWmu, Tus, qOGvx, ikx, yKGuH, Qjctqr, Izea, AgsdM, yeKmez, pLqjP, FszrBR, ZUi, XrGmkp, llT, EzWVax, NLaHn, IVhiAd, apHKmT, QpSsLi, NUHeKp, mTVbq, jQn, CWIdgW, fuqSFE, ucGGP,

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